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Phys Exam 2 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

consists of nerve fibers that carry info between the cNS and other parts of the body

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2
Q

divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

efferent division
afferent division

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3
Q

afferent division

A

detects, encodes, and transmits peripheral signals to the CNS, essential in maintaining homeostasis

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4
Q

receptors

A

structures at peripheral ends of afferent neurons, detect stimulus, convert forms of energy into electrical signals
process called transduction

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5
Q

modality

A

type of stimulus

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6
Q

photoreceptors

A

visible wavelengths of light

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7
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

mechanical energy

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8
Q

thermoreceptors

A

differences in temperature

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9
Q

osmoreceptors

A

solute concentration

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10
Q

chemoreceptors

A

specific chemicals
- smell, taste, O2, CO2

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11
Q

nocireceptors

A

pain receptors

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12
Q

propioceptors

A

receives stimuli from within the body

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13
Q

exteroreceptors

A

detect external stimuli

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14
Q

interoreceptors

A

detect internal stimuli

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15
Q

tonic receptors

A

do not adapt at all or adapt slowly

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16
Q

phasic receptors

A

rapidly adapting receptors
- no longer responds to maintained stimulus
- important to signal a change in stimulus, rather than relay status quo info
- tactile (touch) receptors in skin

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17
Q

receptor potentials

A
  • environmental stimulus opens ion channel
  • change in membrane permeability leads to influx of Na+, producing receptor potentials
  • magnitude of receptor potential represents strength of stimulus
  • a receptor potential of sufficient magnitude can produce an action potential
  • action potential is propagated along an afferent fiber to the CNS
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18
Q

receptor field and acuity

A

refers to discriminative ability

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19
Q

receptor field and acuity influenced by

A
  • receptive field size
  • number of receptors
  • area of somatosensory cortex
  • how densely compacted are receptors sensors in specific area
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20
Q

perception

A

conscious interpretation of external world derived from sensory input

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21
Q

why sensory input does not give true reality perception

A
  • humans have receptors that detect only a limited number of existing energy forms
  • info channels in our brains are not high fidelity recorders when it comes to our environment
  • cerebral cortex further manipulates the data, pathways ini brain determine what you like and don’t like, genetics responsible
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22
Q

sensation

A

collection of info

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23
Q

four steps to perception

A
  • stimulus
  • transduction
  • conduction
  • perception
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24
Q

pain

A

primarily a protective mechanism meant to bring a conscious awareness that tissue damage is occurring if about to occur
- storage of painful experiences in memory helps avoid harmful events in future
- stimulation of nociceptors elicits perception of pain

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25
Q

cutaneous sensations

A

temperature, touch, pressure, and pain
- each have own receptor
- terminate in somatosensory cortex (contralateral)

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26
Q

chemoreceptors

A

receptors sensitive to dissolved molecules
- exteroreceptors
- smell influences taste

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27
Q

chemical sense function

A
  • influence flow of digestive juices and affect appetite
  • stimulation of receptors induces pleasurable or objectionable sensations and signals presence of something to seek or to avoid
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28
Q

taste

A
  • gustation
  • chemoreceptors housed in taste buds (long microvilli)
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29
Q

taste receptors have life span of about..

A

10 days

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30
Q

taste buds consist of..

A

taste pores and taste receptor cells

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31
Q

tastant

A

taste-provoking chemical

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32
Q

salty

A

stimulated by chemical salts, especially NaCl

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33
Q

sour

A

caused by acids which contain a free hydrogen ion H+

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34
Q

sweet

A

evoked by configuration of glucose

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35
Q

bitter

A

brought about by more chemically diverse group of tastants

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36
Q

umami

A

meaty or savory taste

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37
Q

primary tastes

A

binding of tastant with receptor cell, produce receptor potential (each taste has a different receptor)

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38
Q

receptor potential initiates action potentials of..

A

afferent nerve fibers

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39
Q

signals convey to medulla via..

A

cranial nerves, to thalamus to brain

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40
Q

primary gustatory cortex

A

insula

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41
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

tongue

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42
Q

odorants

A

molecules that can be smelled

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43
Q

to be smelled, substance must be

A
  • sufficiently volatile that some of its molecules can enter nose in inspired air
  • sufficiently water soluble that it can dissolve in mucus coating the olfactory mucosa
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44
Q

olfactory receptors

A

specialized endings of afferent neurons in nose

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45
Q

olfactory mucosa

A
  • ceiling of nasal cavity
  • olfactory, basal and supporting cells
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46
Q

olfactory nerve terminates in..

A
  • limbic system: smell and behavioral reactions (feeding, mating, direction orienting)
  • olfactory cortex: conscious perception, fine discrimination of smell
47
Q

vestibular apparatus

A
  • lies in temporal bone
  • detects changes in motion and position of head with respect to gravity
48
Q

vestibular apparatus consists of..

A

semicircular canals and otolithic organs

49
Q

semicircular canals

A

detects rotational acceleration/deceleration

50
Q

utricle and saccule

A
  • detects changes in rate of linear movement
  • determination of head postion
51
Q

both semicircular canals and otolithic organs use..

A

hair cells for detecting info (mechanoreceptors)

52
Q

semicircular canals structure

A
  • sensory hair cells embedded in cupula
  • gelatinous mass enclosing stereocilia
  • endolymph: fluid inside canals
  • movements of cupula push against stationary fluid (bending of stereocilia)
53
Q

bending of stereocilia leads to..

A

depolarization

54
Q

stereocilia detect changes in..

A

rate of rotation
- starting/stopping spinning
- turning the head

55
Q

otoliths

A

crystals found in gelatinous substance covering stereocilia

56
Q

otoliths are found in..

A

utricle and saccule

57
Q

utricle detects changes in..

A

horizontal, head tilt

58
Q

saccule detects changes in..

A

vertical, moving on an elevator

59
Q

neural pathways vestibular system

A
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
  • input goes to..
  • vestibular nuclei in brain stem
  • cerebellum for use in maintaining balance and posture, controlling eye movement
  • perceiving motion and orientation
60
Q

hearing

A

neural perception of sound energy

61
Q

sound waves

A
  • traveling vibrations of air
  • consist of alternate regions of compression and rarefaction of air molecules
62
Q

hearing involves 2 aspects

A
  • identification of the sounds
  • localization of the sounds
63
Q

sound

A

vibration of molecules in medium

64
Q

transmitted by movements of..

A

pressure waves

65
Q

frequency

A

determines pitch

66
Q

amplitude

A

determines loudness

67
Q

external and middle ear

A

transmit sound waves to fluid-filled inner ear, amplifying sound energy

68
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea: contains receptors for conversion of sound waves into nerve impulses
vestibular system

69
Q

sound wave transmission

A
  • tympanic membrane vibrates when struck by sound waves
  • middle ear transfers vibrations through ossicles to oval window
70
Q

cochlea

A

hearing part of the inner ear, chambers filled with perilymph

71
Q

organ of corti

A
  • sensory hair cells on basilar membrane, tips are embedded in tectorial membrane
  • sound waves converted to waves in fluid in inner ear
72
Q

pitch discrimination

A

sound waves of various frequencies stimulate different parts of basilar membrane

73
Q

loudness discrimination

A
  • loudness depends on amplitude of vibration
  • louder sound sources cause tympanic membrane to vibrate more in and out
  • greater tympanic membrane deflection results in greater membrane movement
  • greater bending of hair cells in responsive region
74
Q

neural pathways of hearing

A

action potentials carried by vestibular cochlear nerve, auditory cortex

75
Q

vision

A

comes from light energy transduced into nerve impulses

76
Q

sclera

A

tougher outer layer of CT; forms visible white part of the eye

77
Q

cornea

A

transparent

78
Q

choroid

A

between retina and sclera, vascular layer of eye

79
Q

ciliary body

A
  • ciliary muscle: accommodation
  • ciliary processes: aqueous humor
80
Q

iris

A

controls amount of light entering the eye

81
Q

2 sets of of smooth muscle networks

A
  • circular (constrictor muscle)
  • radial (or dilator) muscle
82
Q

pupil

A

round opening through which light enters the eye

83
Q

pupil controlled by..

A

ANS

84
Q

vitreous humor

A

larger cavity between lens and retina (maintaining the shape of eyeball)

85
Q

aqueous

A

carries nutrients for cornea and lens

86
Q

retina

A
  • innermost coat
  • consists of outer pigmented layer and inner nervous tissue layer
87
Q

lens

A
  • transparent: no blood supply, CT, or organelles, one cell type
  • by changing shape, helps to refract light to focus on retina
88
Q

cataracts

A

opacity of lens

89
Q

pathway of light through the eye

A
  • light passes through the cornea and into the anterior chamber of the eye
  • next, passes through the pupil
  • passes through the lens, which can change shape to focus the image
  • passes through the posterior chamber
  • retina, where photoreceptors are found
90
Q

light refraction

A

bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different

91
Q

refraction responsible for..

A

image formation

92
Q

refraction in 2 places

A
  • cornea: transition from air, contributes most, does not change
  • lens: 20%, adjustable
93
Q

accommodation

A

ability to adjust strength of lens, regulated by ciliary muscle

94
Q

change in strength and shape of lens accomplished by..

A

action of ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments

95
Q

visual acuity

A

measured at 20 feet with the snellen eye chart

96
Q

nearsighted (myopic)

A

unable to see far things

97
Q

farsighted (hyperopic)

A

unable to see close things

98
Q

presbyopic

A

stiffness of lens, decrease in accomodation

99
Q

3 retinal layers

A
  • outermost layer: rods and cones
  • middle layer: bipolar cells
  • inner layer: ganglion cells
100
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

101
Q

3 parts of photoreceptors

A
  • outer segment: detect light stimulus
  • inner segment: metabolic machinery of cell
  • synaptic terminal: transmits signal generated to next cells in visual pathway
102
Q

photopigments

A

photoreceptor cells contain photopigments which absorb light

103
Q

2 components of photopigments

A
  • opsin: protein that is integral part of disc membrane
  • retinal: light absorbing part of photopigment
104
Q

rodpigment

A

provide vision only in shades of gray
rhodopsin: absorbs all visible wavelengths

105
Q

conepigment

A

3 photopsins: red, green and blue

106
Q

light transduction pathway

A

light absorbed by photopigment, initiates events leading to signal transduction
- key to understanding sodium channels open in dark and inhibitory neurotransmitter

107
Q

dark adaption

A
  • can gradually distinguish objects as you enter a dark area
  • due to the regeneration of rod photopigments that had been broken down by previous light exposure
108
Q

light adaption

A
  • can gradually distinguish objects as you enter an area with more light
  • due to the rapid breakdown of cone photopigments
109
Q

color vision

A
  • colors we perceive are related to wavelengths of light reflected, absorbed, or transmitted by pigments in objects
  • each type of cone receptor cell (3) excited most effectively by light of one particular wavelength
  • sensation of color depends upon relative output
110
Q

white

A

mixture of all wavelengths

111
Q

black

A

absence of light

112
Q

color blindness

A
  • genes for color vision on X chromosome
  • lack a particular cone type
  • color vision product of only two or less types of cones
113
Q

vision pathway

A
  • ganglion cells form optic nerve
  • visual info is separated before reaching visual cortex
  • thus, left side of visual field projected to right half and vice versa

Phys Exam 2 (4 decks)

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