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psychology > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

who where the Genian quadruplets?

A

set of quadruplets that all had schizophrenics

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2
Q

what where the Genian names?

A

Nora, Iris, Myra and Hester

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3
Q

what did the Genian sisters names stand for?

A

National Institute of Mental Health

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4
Q

why where there names changed?

A

to conceal there identity from their schizophrenic parents

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5
Q

Developmental psychology

A

study of how nehaviour changes over the lifespan

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6
Q

post hoc fallacy

A

flase assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event

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7
Q

cross-sectional design

A

research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

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8
Q

cohort effect

A

effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

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9
Q

longitudinal design

A

research that examines development in the same gorup of people on ,ultiple occasions over time

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10
Q

what does biderectional development mean?

A

Children’s experiences influence their development, but their devlop,emt also influences their experiences

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11
Q

developmental effects

A

changes over time within individuals as a consequence of growing older

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12
Q

externalizing behaviours

A

behaviour such as breaking rules, defying authority figures and committing crimes

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13
Q

attrition

A

participants dropping out of the study before it is completed

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14
Q

infant dterminism

A

the widespread assumption that extremely early experiences espicially in the firt three years of life are almost alwaus more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults

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15
Q

childhood fragility

A

which holds that childreen are delicate littlre creatures who are easily damged, which is false

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16
Q

gene-environment interactions

A

the impact of genes on behaviors depends on the environment in which the behaviour devlops

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17
Q

nature via nurture

A

genetic predispositions can drives us to selecet and create particular environments, leading to the mistaken appearance of a pure effect of nature

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18
Q

gene expression

A

some genes “turn on” only in response to specific environmental events

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19
Q

teratogen

A

an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal devlopment

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20
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, phsical growth retardation, facial malformations, and behavioural disorders

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21
Q

what makes a baby premature?

A

a baby who is born fewer than 36 wekks

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22
Q

what motor behaviours are infants born wiht?

A

automtic or reflexes such as sucking

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23
Q

what is the sucking reflex

A

babies response to something in a babies mouth

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24
Q

what is the rooting reflexes?

A

which serves the same survival need: eating. for example if we stroke an infants cheek she will begin to look for a nipple

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25
Q

motor behaviours

A

are bodily motions that occur as result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

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26
Q

adolescence

A

the transition betwen childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years

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27
Q

puberty

A

the achivement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce

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28
Q

primary sex characteristic

A

a physical feature such as the reproductive organs genitals that distinguish the sexes

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29
Q

secondary-sex characteritics

A

a sex-differentiating characteristic tha doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, sucha as breast enlargment in women and deepening voice in men

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30
Q

menarche

A

start of menstruation

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31
Q

spemarche

A

boy’s first ejaculation

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32
Q

when does spemarche happen?

A

around the age of 13

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33
Q

menopause

A

the termination of menstruation signalling the end of a woman’s reproductive potential

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34
Q

cogntiv development

A

study of how children acquire the ability to leanr, think, reason, communicate and remembr

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35
Q

assimaltion

A

Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experiece

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36
Q

according to Piaget cognitive change was marked by what?

A

equilibration: maintaing a balance between our experience of the world and our toughts about it.

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37
Q

what are piagets four stages of development

A
  1. sensorimotor stage
  2. Preoperational stage
  3. concrete operations stage
  4. formal operations stage
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38
Q

what is the sensrimotor stage

A

from birth to about 2 years of ages, marked by the focus on here and now. infants lack mental representation- the ability to think about things that are absent from immediate surrounds. also deffereed the ability to preform an action observed earlier, is alsoabsent from the sensorimotor

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39
Q

what is object presence

A

the understanding that objects continues to exist even when out of view. infants of the sensorimotor stage lack this ability

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40
Q

what is preoperational stage

A

from 2-7. children in this sateg can use symbols such as language. drawings and objects as a representation of ideas, he believes that children in this stage are hpaered by egcoentrsim.

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41
Q

what is egocentrism

A

inability to see the world from other’s prespectives

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42
Q

conservation

A

Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount reamins the same

43
Q

concrete operational stage

A

between 7 and 11, stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to preform mental operation on physical events only

44
Q

formal operations stage

A

(did not emerge until adolescant) stage in Piaget’s theory characteritzed by the ability preofmr hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now

45
Q

what are the critiques of Piaget’s theory?

A

it is difficult to falsivy, he underestimated chidlren’s underlying competence and he was culturally bias as he only studied children from westernized societies

46
Q

what is scaffolding

A

Vygostkian learning mechanism in which parents provide intial assistance in children’s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent

47
Q

zone of prozimal devlopment

A

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

48
Q

general cognitive accours

A

several modern theories resmeles Piaget’s theory in that hey emphasize general cognitive abilities and acquired rather than innate knowledge. Contemporary theorists share Piaget;s commitment to general cognitive processes and experience-based learning. Nevertheless, they differ from Piaget in regarding learning as gradual rather than stage like

49
Q

Sociocultural accounts

A

these theories emphasize the social context and the qays in which interactions with caretakers and other children guide children’s understanding of the workd. Some sociocultural theorists emphasize experienced- based learning, others innate knowledge, but along with Vygotsky, they share a focus on the childs interactions with the social world as the primary source of devlopment

50
Q

Modular accounts

A

like Vygostsky’s theory, this class of theories emphasizes he idea of domain-specific learning-that is, separate spheres of knowwledge in different domains. For example, the knowledge base for understadning language may be independent of the ability to reason about space, with no overlapping cognitive skills between them

51
Q

when do children begin to posses a sense of self?

A

by 3 months

52
Q

when can children recognize pictures of themselves and respond to their name?

A

by 2 years

53
Q

theory of mind

A

ability to reason about what other people know or believe

54
Q

how can we test the theory of mind?

A

false-belif task

55
Q

what is a personal fable

A

teenagers feelings of profound uniqueness and of living out a story that others are watching

56
Q

stranger anxiety

A

a fear of strangers developing at 8 or 9 months of age

57
Q

temperament

A

basic emotional style that appears early in development and is lagely genetic in origin

58
Q

what is a easy child and how many of easy infants are they?

A

easy ifnats are adaptable and relaxed about 40% of babies

59
Q

what is a difficult infant and how many are they?

A

fussy and easily and are 10% of babies

60
Q

what are slow-to-warm up infants?

A

about 15% of babies and are disturbed by new stimuli

61
Q

what is behavioral inhibition?

A

term coined by Jerome Kegan that means the fears in infants

62
Q

attachement

A

the strong emotional connetion we share with those to whom we feel closest

63
Q

contact comfort

A

postive emotions afforded by touch

64
Q

who coined the term contact comfort?

A

Harlow

65
Q

what are the four categories that infants behaviour falls in?

A
  1. Secure attachment
  2. Insecure- avoidant attachment
  3. Insecure- anxious attachment
66
Q

what is secure attachement among children?

A

the infant uses mom’s presence as a secure base, they get upset when mom’s gone and greats her with joy. This occures withing 60% of north american infants

67
Q

what is insecure avoidant attachement among infants?

A

the infant does not react to mom’s departure and shows little reaction to her return. about 15-20% of children

68
Q

Insecure-anxious attachement among infants?

A

the infant reacts to moms departure with panic, is exited upon her return but skriwms to try and get away when she tries to pick them up. this is 15-20% of children

69
Q

Disorganized attachement

A

infants that react inconsistantly to moms presence. about 5-10% of children

70
Q

mono-operations bias

A

drawing conclusions on the basis of daily a single measure

71
Q

what was Benjamin’s Spocks idea of parenting?

A

soft and hard parenting aproach

72
Q

what is child-centered or soft parenting?

A

termed coind by Spock, in which parents are highly responsive to their children’s needs

73
Q

what is parent-centered or hard parenting?

A

termed don’t indulge or reinforce childrens calls for attention

74
Q

what are the three parenting types used today

A

Permissive, authoritarians and authoritative

75
Q

who discovered these 3 types of parenting

A

Dianna Baumirind’s

76
Q

What is permissive parenting?

A

parents are leniant with their children, use little to no decipline and often shower their children with affection

77
Q

what is Authoritarian parenting?

A

Authoritarian parents tend to be strict with their children, giving them little opportunity for free play or exploration, and punishing them when they don’t respond appropriately to their demands. They show little affection to

78
Q

what is authoritative parenting?

A

Authoritative parents combine the best features of both permissive and authoritarian worlds. They’re supportive of their children but sex clear and firm limits with them

79
Q

what is uninvolved parenting?

A

neglectful parents tend to ignor their children paying little attention ot either their [psotove pr their negative behaviours

80
Q

which parenting methods produce the best children?

A

authoritative

81
Q

average expectable environment

A

environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline

82
Q

do children differ from single parents to two- parent households?

A

yes , children from single parent families tend to have more behavioral problems

83
Q

do same sex couples children differ from different sex couples children?

A

no

84
Q

how does divorce effect children?

A

most children will survive divorce without long-temr damage

85
Q

self - control

A

ability to inhibit an implulse to act

86
Q

what doe sex refer to?

A

individuals biological status as a male and female

87
Q

what does gender refer too?

A

is the psychological characterisitcs like behaviours, thoughs and emotions that tend to be associated with being male and female

88
Q

gender identity

A

individual’s sense of being male or female

89
Q

gender role

A

a set of behaviours that end to be associated with being male or female

90
Q

identify

A

our spense of who we are, and our life goals and priorities

91
Q

psychosocial crisis

A

dilemma concerning and individaul’s relations to other people

92
Q

emerging adulthood

A

period of life between the ages of 18 and 25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified

93
Q

what is role experimentation?

A

we may juggle “nerdy”, “cool” and “jock friends at varying times scope out different potential majors, and even explore alternative religous and philosophical belives

94
Q

what are moral dille,as?

A

situation in which there are no clear right or wrong answear

95
Q

what is objective responsibility?

A

Piagetian temr. how much harm they’ve done

96
Q

subjective responsibility

A

Piagetian term. how much harm their intentions to produce harm

97
Q

midlife crisis

A

supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the agin process and an attempt to regain youth

98
Q

empty- nest syndrome

A

alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home

99
Q

what is the average life expectency of canadians?

A

women 82.5 years and men 77.7 years

100
Q

what is biological age?

A

the estimate of a person’s age in temrs of biological functioning. How efficiently are the person’s organ systems, such as heart and lungs, funtions? for example: when a 65 year old brags about how his doctor says he/she has a body of a 45 year old

101
Q

what is psychological age?

A

a person’ mental attitudes and agilitty, and the capacity to deal with the stresses of an ever-changing environment. Some people display little change in memory, ability to learn, and personality from adolescence to old age, whereas others deteriorate substantially

102
Q

what is functional age?

A

persons ability to function in given roles in society. Functional age may provide a better basis for judging readiness to retire, replacing the arbitrary criterion of chronological age( for example, that people should retire at age 65-70)

103
Q

what is social age?

A

whether people behave in accord with the social behaviors appropriate for their age. When people judge a women as” dessing too young for her age” or roll their eyes at an 80-year old man cruising around twon in a sports car looking for young women, ther’re invoking expectations about social age

psychology (5 decks)

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