Chapter 10

Question 1

Factors affecting organizational structure

Answer 1

1. strategy
2. technology
3. human resource
4. organizational environment

Question 2

strategy

Answer 2

increasing value customers perceive in organizational goods and services, usually succeeds best in a flexible structure with a culture that values innovation

Question 3

technology

Answer 3

more complicated the technology the greater the need for flexible structure and progressive culture to enhance managers ability to respond
task variety - number of new or unexpected problems
task analyzability- degree to which programmed solutions are available to people to solve the problems

Question 4

human resource

Answer 4

decentralized authority and empowered employees are well suited to the needs of highly skilled people

• group into functions and divisions
• allocate authority

Question 5

organizational environment

Answer 5

decentralize authority, empower lower-level employees to make important operating decisions and encourage values and norms

Question 6

enlarge a job

Answer 6

increase number of different tasks in a given job and increase the range of number of tasks

Question 7

enriched job

Answer 7

degree of responsibility a worker has over a job

1. empower workers to experiment to find new or better ways to do jobs
2. encourage workers to develop new skills
3. allowing workers to decide how to do the work
4. measure own performance

Question 8

5 job characteristics (job characteristics model)

Answer 8

1. skill variety
2. task identity
3. task significance
4. autonomy
5. feedback

Question 9

skill variety

Answer 9

extent to which job requires wide range of different skills

Question 10

task identity

Answer 10

extent to which job requires worker to perform all the tasks necessary to complete the job from beginning to end

Question 11

task significance

Answer 11

degree to which a worker feels his or her job is meaningfull

Question 12

autonomy

Answer 12

degree to which a job gives an employee the freedom and discretion needed to schedule different tasks and decide how to carry them out

Question 13

feedback

Answer 13

actually doing a job provides a worker with clear and direct info about how well he or she performed

Question 14

integrating mechanisms and coordiate

Answer 14

liaison roles- transmitting info across the organization
task forces - temporary, regular basis or few times meet when task force isn’t needed they go back to other roles
cross-functional teams - recurring problems
integrating roles - increase coordination and integration among functions

Question 15

4 steps in control process

Answer 15

step 1: establish standards of performance/goals
step 2: measure actual performance
step 3: compare performance against chosen standards
step 4: evaluate results

Question 16

3 types of control

Answer 16

output control: financial measures of performance, organizational goals and operating budget
behavior control: direct supervision, management by objectives, rules and standard operating procedure
clan control: values, norms, socialization

Question 17

financial measures of performance

Answer 17

• profit ratios
• liquidity ratios
• leverage ratios
• activity ratios

Question 18

profit ratio

Answer 18

measure how efficiently managers are using the other organizations resources to generate profits

Question 19

liquidity ratios

Answer 19

measure how well managers have protected organizational resources to be able to meet short term obligations

Question 20

leverage ratios

Answer 20

measure degree to which managers use debt or equity to finance ongoing operations

Question 21

activity ratios

Answer 21

show how well managers are creating value from organizational assets

Question 22

external forces for change

Answer 22

globalization, changing technology, workforce diversity, ethical behavior

Question 23

internal forces for change

Answer 23

declining effectiveness, changing work climate, company crisis, changing employee expectations

Question 24

Lewins force-field theory of chance

Answer 24

unfreezing - situation is prepared for change, encouraging individuals to discard old behavior
changing - actions are taken to create change, new attitudes, values and behavior
refreezing - changes are reinforced and stabilized

Question 25

resisting for change

Answer 25

- creatures of habit - fear of uncertainty - like schedule - requires more work to change - fear of loss- distribution of interpersonal relationships

Question 26

stakeholders

Answer 26

1. stockholders 2. managers 3. customers 4. community, society, and nation-state 5. supplier and distribution 6. employees

Question 27

ethical decision making

Answer 27

1. utilitarian rule 2. justice rule 3. practical rule 4. moral rights rule

Question 28

utilitarian rule

Answer 28

ethical decision should produce the greatest good for the greatest amount of people

Question 29

justice rule

Answer 29

ethical decision should distribute benefits and harm among people in a fair, equitable, and impartial manner

Question 30

practical rule

Answer 30

ethical decision should be one that manager has no hesitation` about communicating to people outside in a society who would think the decision is responsible

Question 31

moral rights rule

Answer 31

ethical decision should maintain and protect the fundamental rights and privileges of people

Question 32

4 approaches to social responsibility

Answer 32

- obstructionist approach - defensive approach - accommodative approach - proactive approach

Question 33

task environment

Answer 33

customer, suppliers, distributors, competitors

Question 34

general environment

Answer 34

technological forces, sociocultural forces, demographic forces, economic forces, political and legal forces

Question 35

Hofstedes 5 dimensions of national culture

Answer 35

- individualism v collectivism - power distance - achievement v nurturing orientation - uncertainty avoidance - long-term v short-term orientation

Question 36

individualism v collectivism

Answer 36

- values individual freedom and self expression | - values subordination of the individual to the goals of the group

Question 37

power distance

Answer 37

degree to which society accepts the idea that inequalities are due to individual differences

Question 38

achievement v nurturing orientation

Answer 38

- values assertiveness and performance success | - values quality of life

Question 39

uncertainty avoidance

Answer 39

societies are willing to tolerate uncertainty and risk

Question 40

long-term v short-term orientation

Answer 40

- values thrift and persistence in achieving goals | - values personal stability or happiness

Question 41

barriers to entry

Answer 41

economies of scale - cost advantages associated with large operations - -- government regulation that impede entry - -- brand loyalty - customers preference for the products of organizations currently existing in the task environment

Question 42

global environment

Answer 42

set of global forces and conditions that operate beyond an organizations boundaries but affects a managers ability to acquire and utilize resources