chapter 10 intelligence Flashcards
what is intelligence
- the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
in many psychologists view:
- intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure
- IQ score
Spearman: general intelligence (g)
- those who score high in one area typically score high in other areas
- a single cluster was identified through factor analysis
- general intelligence or g
Thurstone: primary mental abilities
Seven clusters instead of one:
- word fluency
- verbal comprehension
- spatial ability
- perceptual speed
- numerical ability
- inductive reasoning
- memory
- However, performance on these clusters is not independent
- some evidence of a g factor
Cattell-Horn-Carroll: CHC Theory
Cattel and Horn:
- fluid intelligence (Gf)
- crystallized intelligence (Gc)
Carroll:
- g factor exists
- specific abilities exist
- Gf and Gc bridge the gap
We use Gf to learn and gain Gc
Sternberg’s Three Intelligences
- analytic (academic problem-solving)
- solve well-defined problems
- single solution - creative intelligence
- practical intelligence
- solve poorly defined problems
- multiple solutions
emotional intelligence
- perceiving emotions
- understanding emotions
- managing emotions
- using emotions
- these components predict social success and emotional well-being
intelligence assessments
- achievement tests:
- reflect what you have learned
- e.g., exams, weekly quizzes - aptitude tests:
- predict what you will be able to learn
- e.g., SAT, GRE
- a disguised intelligence test (r = .82)
Binet and Simon: Mental age
- when all children are required to go to school, some may struggle and need special classes
- Big assumption: children follow the same course of intellectual development with different rates - mental age (mental aptitude)
- “backward” and “bright”
- no assumptions why some are slow or fast
Terman: Stanford - Binet Test
- measures general intelligence (g)
- William stern: intelligence quotient (IQ)
IQ = mental age/chronological age * 100 - IQ = 100: relative to the average performance
David Wechsler: Most used intelligence tests
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
-> 16-90 years of age - Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children (WISC)
-> 6-16 years of age - Wechsler Preschooler and Primary Scale of intelligence (WPPSI)
-> 2.5-7 years of age
Establishing norms
- a collection of responses from a representative sample of people
- the basis for comparisons
- Wechsler Intelligence tests: Mean = 100; SD = 15 - Normal distribution -> looks like a bell curve
- a theoretical distribution
- may be obtained with a large sample size
High IQ organization: Mensa
- open for people whose IQ is within the upper 2%
Flynn effect:
- population intelligence test performance improved over the years
-> -3 points per decade - the cause of all of this remains a mystery
- economic growth is linked to the growth in the IQ scores
- Flynn: reflect the need to develop new skills to cope with modern environments
Principles of test construction
- standardization
-> uniform testing procedures - reliability
-> consistency of scores - validity
-> measure what is promised
Intelligence: other considerations
- should we require intelligence tests for all people
- biased tests lead to negative outcomes
- stereotype threats
- recognize who might profit most - should we do class placement by intelligence score
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- increase segregation and prejudice
- but how about equity?
