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Phys Exam 2 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system overall functions

A
  • regulate organic metabolism and H2O and electrolyte balance
  • induce adaptive changes to help body cope with stressful situations
  • promote smooth, sequential growth and development
  • control reproduction
  • regulate RBC production
  • along with ANS, control. and integrate both circulation and the digestion and absorption of food
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2
Q

endocrine glands

A

lack ducts, secrete chemical signals (hormones) into the blood

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3
Q

hormones

A
  • chemical signaling molecules released into circulation
  • broadcast throughout the body to every organ
  • only target organs respond to hormone
  • a single gland may secrete multiple hormones
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4
Q

nonpolar hormones

A

steroids and thyroid hormones

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5
Q

steroids

A

derivatives of cholesterol, produced by adrenal cortex gonads

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6
Q

thyroid hormones

A

derived from tyrosine, produced by thyroid gland

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7
Q

polar hormones

A

catecholamines, polypeptides, proteins

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8
Q

prohormones and prehormones

A
  • many peptide hormones are often synthesized as larger proteins = prohormones
  • must be cut and spliced together to be active
  • example: insulin
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9
Q

conversion of hormones

A
  • skin: activation of vitamin D, bone health, absorption of Ca
  • testes: conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
  • thyroid hormones: conversion of T4 to T3
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10
Q

antagonistic hormones

A

opposing affects

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11
Q

synergistic hormones

A

same affects

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12
Q

permissive hormones

A

one hormone has to be present for other hormone to activate the cell

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13
Q

synergistic effects

A
  • occur when 2 or more hormones work together to produce a particular effect
  • effects may be additive, as when epinephrine and norepinephrine each affect the heart in the same way
  • effects may be complementary, as when each hormone contributes a different piece of an overall outcome
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14
Q

permissive effects

A
  • occur when one hormone makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone
  • exposure to estrogen makes the uterus more responsive to progesterone
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15
Q

antagonistic effects

A
  • occur when hormones work in opposite directions
  • insulin and glucagon -> insulin = glycogen synthesis, glucagon -> glycogen breakdown
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16
Q

upregulation (priming)

A

increase sensitivity

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17
Q

downregulation

A

desensitization

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18
Q

control of hormone secretion mechanisms

A

changes in ions or nutrients, neurotransmitters, other hormones

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19
Q

tropic hormones

A
  • regulates hormone secretion by another endocrine gland
  • stimulates and maintains their endocrine target issues
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20
Q

mechanism of hormone action

A

hormones bind to receptors on or in target cells
- binding is highly specific
- hormones bind to receptors with a high affinity
- hormones can saturate the receptors

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21
Q

location of receptors

A
  • lipophilic hormone receptors are in the cytoplasm or nucleus
  • water soluble hormone receptors are on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
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22
Q

hormones under diurnal (circadian) rhythm

A
  • some hormone secretion rates fluctuate throughout the day
  • endocrine rhythms are entrained to external cues (light-dark cycle)
  • jet lag
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23
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of the diencephalon, controls release of pituitary hormones

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24
Q

pituitary gland

A

extends from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus, “master gland”

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25
Q

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A
  • composed of nervous tissue
  • hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus
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26
Q

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone or vasopressin)

A

prevents urine production and water loss

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27
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine contraction during childbirth, milk let down during breast feeding, cuddle hormone

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28
Q

hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing hormones that control..

A

secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

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29
Q

hypophysiotropic hormones

A

stimulate release of hormones from anterior pituitary

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30
Q

what are the hypophysiotropic hormones

A
  • gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH)
  • growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • somatostatin (SS)
  • thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • dopamine
  • corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
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31
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

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32
Q

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

stimulates the release of GH

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33
Q

somatostatin (SS)

A

inhibits secretion of GH

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34
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

master regulator of the thyroid gland growth and function

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35
Q

dopamine

A

inhibits secretion of prolactin

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36
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

A

mediates the release of corticotropin (ACTH)

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37
Q

hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
38
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

important factor in sexual development and functioning

39
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

helps control the menstrual cycle

40
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

triggers thyroid to produce and secrete its hormones

41
Q

adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

A

how body responds to stress, secretes cortisol

42
Q

growth hormone

A

promotes growth within the body

43
Q

prolactin

A

breasts milk production

44
Q

actions of the growth hormone

A
  • growth
  • glucose homeostasis
  • many mediated by IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor 1) released by liver
45
Q

gigantism

A

occurs before growth plates seal off, longer bones

46
Q

acromegaly

A

hypersecretion of GH during adulthood, wider bones

47
Q

adrenal glands location

A

on top of kidney

48
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer portion, secretes steroid hormones
- mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

49
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner portion, secretes catecholamines

50
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

mainly aldosterone, influence mineral balance, specifically Na+ and K+ balance

51
Q

glucocorticoids

A

primarily cortisol, major role in glucose metabolism and protein and lipid metabolism

52
Q

androgens (sex hormones)

A

identical or similar to those produced by gonads

53
Q

cortisol

A
  • stimulates gluconeogenesis
  • stimulates protein degradation
  • facilitates lypolysis
  • plays key role in adaptation to stress
  • anti inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects
  • displays a characteristic diurnal rhythm
54
Q

secretion of cortisol is regulated by..

A

negative-feedback loop

55
Q

cushing’s syndrome

A

cortisol hypersecretion, caused by tumor of adrenal gland

56
Q

cushing’s syndrome sign and symptoms

A
  • hyperglycemia
  • glucosuria (adrenal diabetes)
  • abnormal fat distributions
  • buffalo hump and moon face *
57
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • modified part of sympathetic nervous system
  • activated by sympathetic nervous system during times of stress
  • releases epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)
58
Q

epinephrine

A

reinforces sympathetic system in mounting general systemic “fight or flight” responses

59
Q

cortisol benefits

A

gluconeogenesis

60
Q

cortisol detrimental

A

suppressed immune system, impact memory

61
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • consists of two lobes of endocrine tissue joined in middle by narrow portion of gland
  • follicular cells
  • c cells
62
Q

follicular cells

A

produce 2 iodine containing hormones derived from AA tyrosine (tetraiodothryonine or T4 and tri-iodothyronine T3)

63
Q

c cells

A

secrete calcitonin

64
Q

effects of thyroid hormone

A
  • main determinant of basal metabolic rate (BMR)
  • increases target cell responsiveness to catecholamines
  • essential for normal growth
  • plays crucial role in normal development of nervous system in utero
65
Q

thyroid hormone mechanism of action

A
  • nonpolar
  • T4 converted into T3 once inside the cell
  • bind to receptor in cytoplasm
  • binds to DNA in. the nucleus
  • stimulates protein synthesis
66
Q

thyroid hormone secretion

A

3 gland negative feedback system = hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and thyroid gland

67
Q

hypothyroidism

A

thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone

68
Q

causes of hypothyroidism

A
  • primary failure of thyroid gland
  • secondary to a deficiency of TRH, TSH, or both
  • inadequate dietary supply of iodine
69
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone

70
Q

parathyroid

A

four small glands located on posterior surface of the thyroid, secrete parathryoid hormone (PTH)

71
Q

secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Ca2+ regulation, increases breakdown of bone matrix and inhibits Ca2+ secretion from the kidneys, increases Ca 2+ In blood, c cells are antagonistic

72
Q

pancreas

A
  • both an endocrine organ and digestive exocrine organ
  • endocrine cells located in islets of langerhans
  • contain two cell types: alpha secrete glucagon, beta secrete insulin
  • important in regulating glucose levels of the blood
73
Q

insulin is an anabolic hormone..

A
  • glucose uptake and utilization by cells
  • lowers blood glucose levels
  • promotes formation of glycogen
  • promotes conversion of glucose into triglycerides
  • stimulates amino acid uptake by cells and protein formation
74
Q

insulin regulation

A

blood glucose level is the major factor controlling insulin and glucagon secretion

75
Q

action of insulin

A
  • binding of insulin to plasma membrane receptor
  • signal transduction
  • mobilization of GLUT4
  • facilitated diffusion of glucose
76
Q

glucagon

A
  • secreted when blood glucose levels are low
  • increase in blood glucose activates liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • stimulates formation of ketones
77
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

most common of all endocrine disorders, prominent feature is elevated blood glucose levels

78
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

lack of insulin secretion

79
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

characterized by normal or even increased insulin secretion but reduced sensitivity of insulins target cells

80
Q

pineal gland

A

found in diencephalon and secretes melatonin

81
Q

hyporesponsiveness

A

enough hormone, but ineffective response

82
Q

hyperresponsiveness

A

too much response

83
Q

primary secretion disorder

A

defect is in the cells that secrete the hormone that is causing problems

84
Q

secondary secretion disorder

A

problem is with too much or too little tropic hormone

85
Q

to diagnose you can..

A

administer and measure tropic hormone

86
Q

autocrine signals

A

sender and receiver are the same cell type

87
Q

paracrine signals

A

sender and receiver are different cell types/tissues

88
Q

eicosanoids

A

made from arachidonic acid using the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX)

89
Q

results in prostaglandins and leukotrienes

A

prostaglandins are released from almost every cell with a wide range of functions

90
Q

eicosanoids functions

A
  • inflammation
  • reproduction
  • digestion
  • respiratory
  • circulatory
  • urinary

Phys Exam 2 (4 decks)

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