Chapter 11 Flashcards
Signal transduction pathways
series of steps by which a signal on a cell’s surface is converted into a specific cellular response
cell junctions
both animals and plants have cell junctions that allow molecules, including signaling molecules, to pass readily between adjacent cells without crossing plasma membranes
Cell-cell
Two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction between molecules protruding from their surfaces
endocrine signaling
specialized cells release hormones which travel via the circulatory system to other parts of body
reception
the target’s cell detection of signaling molecule coming from outside the cell.
Transduction
The binding of the signaling molecule changes the receptor protein in some way, initiating the process of transduction
Response
The transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response
ligand
Molecule that specifically binds to another larger molecule, generally causes a receptor protein to undergo a change in shape
receptor tyrosine kinases
membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosine, can trigger multiple signal transduction pathways simultaneously
G protein couples receptor
cell surface transmembrane receptor that works with a G protein
G protein
a protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP
A ligand gated ion channel
type of membrane channel receptor containing a region that can act as a “gate” opening or closing the channel when the receptor changes shape
Intracellular receptors
found in either the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells
protein kinase
An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
phosphorylation cascade
a series of different proteins in a pathway are phosphorylated in turn each protein adding a phosphate group to the next one in line
