chapter 11

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
- there are different approaches for understanding motivation
- these can be cultural or biological

Question 2

theories of motivation

Answer 2

• instincts and evolutionary theory
  
  • rigid pattern of behavior throughout a species
  • evolved behaviors, present without learning
  • unlearned in behavior
    - imprinting in birds
    - rooting and suckling in infants

Question 3

theories of motivation -> drive - reduction theory

Answer 3

• we are driven to reduce needs
• hunger, thirst, and sleep deprivation
• psychological drive to reduce need and achieve homeostasis
  
  • we are also driven by incentives
  • smell of our favorite food, breaks in semesters of school
• drive is strongest when need and incentive are present

Question 4

theories of motivation -> arousal theory

Answer 4

• drives not fueled by need
• curiosity increases arousal for many animals (humans included in this)
• related to sensation seeking behavior
  driven to the optimum state of arousal
  - to reduce boredom and stress

Question 5

Yerkes-Dobson theory -> arousal theory

Answer 5

• moderate arousal leaks to optimum performance

Question 6

theories of motivation -> affiliation need

Answer 6

-the need to belong
- Aristotle: we are the social animal
- Alfred Adler: we all urge toward community
- evolutionary support for survival
- cooperation
- resource sharing
- protection
- happiness increases as strong relationships build

Question 7

Self-determination theory

Answer 7

• Well-being predicted by autonomy, competence, and relatedness
  
  • feeling empowered enhances performance
  • Intense relatedness (a.k.a. Love)
    - relieves/protects against pain
    - increases feelings of safety

Question 8

Ostracism

Answer 8

Ostracism: social exclusion
- threatens need to belong
- shunning
- exile
- results in real physical pain
- brain research
- effects of acetaminophen
- examples
- Time-out punishment for children
- being unfriended on social media
- immigrants

Question 9

Sexual orientation
- direction of our sexual attractions

Answer 9

Heterosexual - toward the other gender
Homosexual - toward the same gender
Bisexual - toward both male and female
Asexual - to no one at all
Pansexual - not restricted to gender (gender blind)

Question 10

How many people have same sex attractions?

Answer 10

• national surveys: 304% men; 2% women
• anonymous surveys: 6% men; 17% women

Question 11

Achievement motivation

Answer 11

• desire for accomplishment, skill or idea mastery, control, high standard,
• 1528 high intelligence children (top 1%)
  - 40 years later
  - Most “successful” in their jobs were those with the highest motivation
• self-discipline outweighed intelligence in success

Question 12

Achievement motivation
Grit

Answer 12

• innate talent also matters for skill-based success
  Grit: passion and perseverance
  - proper application
  - misuse of theory
• resilience under stress

Question 13

Achievement motivation:
Carol Dweck’s Mindset Theory

Answer 13

• growth mindsets -> potential can be cultivated through education and hard work
• fixed mindsets -> abilities are static and innate

Source of motivation:
- extrinsic -> outside rewards
- intrinsic -> internal desire
- (intrinsic) linked to more long-term success

Question 14

Research based self-helping tips

Answer 14

Goal setting:
- make resolutions
- announce your goals
- develop an implementation plan
- create short-term rewards
- monitor your own progress
- create a supportive environment
- transform the hard-to-do behavior into a must-do habit