Chapter 11

Question 1

a conclusion or judgment based on evidence

Answer 1

inference

Question 2

used to explain:
extent of relationship
probability of an event occurring
probability that an event can be accurately predicted

Answer 2

probability theory

Question 3

p =

Answer 3

probability

Question 4

error - occurs when the researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is true

Answer 4

type I

Question 5

error - occurs when the researcher regards the null hypothesis as true when it is false

Answer 5

type II

Question 6

risk of making a type I error

Answer 6

alpha

Question 7

the threshold at which statistical significance is reached

Answer 7

alpha

Question 8

level of significance - point at which results indicate a statistically significant difference between groups

Answer 8

cutoff point

Question 9

level of significance for most nursing studies

Answer 9

0.05

Question 10

hypothesis that tests for significance in either tail

Answer 10

non-directional

Question 11

statistics - presented in a raw, counted form (tally)

Answer 11

ungrouped frequency

Question 12

statistics - data pre-grouped into categories (age 20-39, 40-59, etc.)

Answer 12

grouped frequency

Question 13

square root of the variance

Answer 13

standard deviation

Question 14

causality test - used with nominal or ordinal data

Answer 14

chi-square

Question 15

causality test - tests for difference between expected frequencies if groups are alike and frequencies are observed in the data

Answer 15

chi-square

Question 16

causality test - tells that there is a significant difference between some cells of the table, but will not tell which ones are different

Answer 16

chi-square

Question 17

causality test - tests for significant differences between two samples; used most often

Answer 17

t-test

Question 18

causality test - test for difference between means; can examine data from 2+ groups

Answer 18

ANOVA

Question 19

used to determine location of differences in ANOVA

Answer 19

post hoc test

Question 20

results predicted by researcher

Answer 20

significant & predicted results

Question 21

negative/inconclusive results

analysis shows no significant differences or relationships; could stem from a type 2 error

Answer 21

non-significant results

Question 22

results opposite of those predicted, indicate flaws in logic of researcher

Answer 22

significant & unpredicted results

Question 23

one variable may uphold predicted results where another does not; 2 dependent measures of the same variable may show opposite results

Answer 23

mixed results

Question 24

relationships between variable that were not hypothesized or predicted

Answer 24

unexpected results

Question 25

clinical significance is a value of

Answer 25

judgment