Chapter 11 Flashcards
Structure and Function of urinary system
Kidneys (right and left)
Bean-shaped organ located in the lumbar region of the back
Retroperitoneal – lie outside of the peritoneum
Remove toxic products from blood by forming urine
kidneys
Microscopic filtering units of the kidney
Forms urine in renal corpuscles and tubules by process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
nephrons
Vessels for carrying urine in peristaltic waves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureters
Hollow, muscular sac
Temporary reservoir for urine
Bladder
Tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body in a process called urination or voiding or micturation
Urethra
Progressive, irreversible decrease in renal function
Metabolic, fluid, and
electrolyte imbalances
Uremia and nitrogenous waste products build-up in the blood
Effects in every body system (see illustration)
Chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease
Signs and symptoms
Polyuria and oliguria
Edema of the extremities, sacral area, and
abdomen
Hypertension
Weakness and fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
In later stages, yellowish pale skin that causes itching due to urea crystals on the skin
Chronic kidney disease
Treatment
Dietary restrictions (protein, salt, potassium)
Control or blood glucose levels and blood pressure
Smoking cessation
Prevention of further damage and end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Inability of kidneys to sustain daily activity
Usually the result of chronic renal failure
Toxic build-up of urea and creatinine in the blood
Effects all systems, with dialysis or renal transplantation needed for survival
End-stage renal disease
End-stage renal disease
Signs and symptoms
Progressive, with varied severity depending on the extent of renal damage and remaining function Weakness Anorexia Diarrhea Pruritus Polyuria
End-stage renal disease
Treatment
Dietary restriction of protein,sodium, and potassium
Antiemetics for nausea
Control of hypertension
Dialysis
Renal transplantation
Patient’s kidneys usually left in place
Donor kidney usually placed inferiorto diseased kidneys
Concentration of mineral salts in the renal pelvis or calyx (see illustration)
Most common cause of urinary obstruction
Renal calculi
Renal calculi
Signs and symptoms
Possibly asymptomatic for long periods
Intense pain and urinary urgency if the calculus fragment lodges in a ureter
Dull, constant pain if calculus is in the renal pelvis and calyx
Back pain and severe abdominal pain
Other signs and symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, chills and fever, hematuria, and abdominal distention
Renal calculi
Treatment
Passage of small calculi without treatment
Surgical excision (lithotomy) for larger calculi
Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) — powerful sound waves used to break up calculi (using ultrasound to locate and monitor calculi destruction)
Prevention of new calculus formation and enhanced elimination of calculi with increased fluid intake
Antibiotics if build-up is due to bacterial infection
Analgesics for relief of intense pain
