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Chem 103 > Chapter 11: Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is anabolism? What are some examples?

A

The building of smaller molecules into bigger molecules (macromolecules)
-anabolic steroids, protein synthesis
-amino acids —> protein

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2
Q

What is catabolism? What are some examples?

A

The process of large molecules being cleaved into smaller ones
-glycolysis: glucose —> 2 pyruvic acid molecules
-protein —> amino acid

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3
Q

What is glucose and pyruvic acid molecules made of?

A

Glucose- 6 carbon sugar
Pyruvic acid- 3 carbon sugar

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4
Q

What is important to know about the differences between anabolism and catabolism?

A

They can be reversed but not identical because they are ran through different pathways
-reactions are separate

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5
Q

What does reductive mean?

A

Anabolism requires electron donors (e-)
-e- : NADP ( NADPH —> 2e- + NADP+)

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6
Q

What does oxidative mean?

A

Catabolism yields e-
- e- : NAD (NAD+ + 2e- —> NADH)

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7
Q

Why is it important at that anabolism and catabolism are separate?

A

You can control the reactions & each process

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8
Q

What is the difference between malnutrition and undernourishment?

A
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9
Q

Fats are divided into saturated and unsaturated fats, what is the difference between them?

A

Saturated- with hydrogen, no double bonds besides in carboxylic acid
Unsaturated- has double bonds throughout the fat
-Monounsaturated: one double bond
-Polyunsaturated: has multiple double bonds

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10
Q

What is important to know about fatty acids?

A

They are made of carboxylic acid, which is polar

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11
Q

Lipids in a biological system can be hydrophobic or amphipathic. What do each mean?

A

Hydrophobic- nonpolar, dislikes water
Amphipathic- have a polar group (head) and a hydrophobic group (tail) and are utilized in membranes and energy storage

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12
Q

Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated. What is the difference between the two?

A

Saturated- have only single carbon-carbon bonds
-(C-C)
Unsaturated- have at least one double carbon-carbon bond
-(C=C)

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13
Q

What are the subdivisions of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Monounsaturated- have one double carbon-carbon bond
Polyunsaturated- have more than one double carbon-carbon bond

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14
Q

What do lipids that come from a biological origin have?

A

A cis double bond configuration
-has a Hydrogen on each side of the bond

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15
Q

What is a trans double bond?

A

Has H on opposite sides on bonds

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16
Q

Why is it beneficial when a double bond is formed in a fatty acid?

A

They cause severe “kinks” in the molecules, which doesn’t allow molecules to pack against each other
- can be used in membranes

17
Q

What is important to know about lipid nomenclature?

A

The systematic name takes into account the number of carbons in the hydrophobic chain ( tetradodoecanoic acid for the 14 carbons of myristic acid)
- if something has 14:0, it means there are 14 carbons and no unsaturated bonds

18
Q

Where does carbon counting start in the delta system? The omega system?

A

The delta system starts at the carboxylic acid carbon
The omega system starts at the carbon end (tail)

19
Q

What is the function of triacylglycerols?

A

Function as energy storage molecules, not as membrane components
-main component of fats and oils

20
Q

Why are fats used for energy storage?

A

They are less oxidize than carbohydrates

21
Q

What is the gram composition for the US to label food with no trans fat?

A

Less than .5 grams

22
Q

What are the pathways to control high blood sugar levels?

A

High blood sugar levels: promotes insulin release to pancreas
-pancreas releases insulin to liver, which stimulates glucose uptake from blood
-insulin goes to liver to tissue cells
-liver stimulates glycogen formation, which in return lowers blood sugar

23
Q

What are the pathways to lower blood sugar levels?

A

Low blood sugar levels: promostes glucagon release from pancreas to the liver
-liver stimulates the glycogen breakdown, which in return lowers blood sugar

24
Q

What are the 2 goals of glycolysis?

A
  1. Generate 2 ATP for glucose
  2. Generate 2 NADH for glucose
25
Q

What is pyruvic acid an example of?

A

A catabolic reaction
-its oxidative (metabolites loses electrons)
— 2 NAD+ + 4e- + 2H+ —> 2NADH

26
Q

What is a peptide bond formation?

A

A condensation reaction catalyzed by the ribosome

27
Q

How are acids and bases charged in the 1st levels of the amino acid sequence?

A

-Acids at a pH of 7 are negatively charged
-Bases at a pH of 7 are positively charged

28
Q

What happens when proteins bind to a receptor?

A

The proteins and receptors negative charges attract to each other to bond
-the surfaces are hydrophobic, so water is excluded in between
—makes hydrogen bonds & has hydrophobic reactions occur

29
Q

What occurs when water is excluded when two hydrophobic surfaces bind? What is an example?

A

The entropy increases because there is less of a need of water to hydrate the surface due to fusing.
-Example: salad dressing
-water and oil mix together, but then separate when sitting bc oil is hydrophobic (forms into clumps)

30
Q

What does the 2nd level of amino acid sequences consist of?

A

Alpha helixes and beta sheets
-hydrogen bonds form to stabilize helix

31
Q

In which direction are the side chains in helix and sheets point and why is this important?

A

Alpha: side chains are pointing on the outside
Beta: side chains are pointing above and below the sheet- displays proteins function
— side chains gives helix & sheet their identities

32
Q

What happens for 3rd and 4th level structures of amino acid sequences?

A

3rd: secondary structure motifs fold together
4th: several proteins form multiple subunits assemblies
-Ex: hemoglobin- sickle cell anemia (protein changes…. Hemoglobin cells become elongated)

33
Q

What are collagen fibers comprised of?

A

A triple helix with proline
- a protein within a protein, makes propyl hydroxylase and then into hydroxyproline

34
Q

What is vitamin C required for? What are the results of a vitamin C deficiency?

A

Required for maintaining collagen, vitamin c deficiency means prolyl hydroxylase does not function properly (mutation doesn’t occur) meaning there is a collagen deficiancy
-scurvy

35
Q

How does collagen become unstable?

A

The lack of hydrogen bonds makes collagen less stable

36
Q

What is the point of the citric acid cycle?

A

To reduce NAD+ and FAD into NADH and FADH2 (all of these are electron carriers

37
Q

What is the point of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

To use the electrons from the carriers in order to produce a proton gradient, and then use this gradient to synthesize ATP

38
Q

What occurs in each step of the nitrogen cycle?

A

-Nitrogen fixing: N2 —> NH3 —> NH4+
-Nitrification: NH4 —> NO2- —> NO3-
-Denitrification: NO3- —> NO —> N2O —> N2

39
Q

What occurs during the Hager-Bosch process?

A

Converts nitrogen into ammonium & is used for fertilization (harming nitrogen cycle)
-N2 (g) + 3H2(g) —> 2NH3 (g)

Chem 103 (14 decks)

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