Chapter 11 - Quantitative Data Analysis

Question 1

What is a code sheet?

Answer 1

raw data to grid sheet then transfer data to computer file
- ex; excel

Question 2

What is coding?

Answer 2

reorganizing numerical data into a format that is easy to analyze (using computers)

Question 3

Direct entry method

Answer 3

as info is collected it is directly entered into a software data package

Question 4

What is optical san?

Answer 4

construct questionnaires that ask respondents or allow researchers to fill in the correct dots

Question 5

what is the bar code?

Answer 5

convert data into bar codes and use a bar code reader to transfer info into a computer

Question 6

What are two ways to clean the data?

Answer 6

Code cleaning
- checking for coding errors
- looking for impossible codes
Contingency cleaning
- check that codes that should correspond across different variables actually do so
- Education is grade 8 but respondent indicates that she/he is a medical doctor

Question 7

What are the Measures of Central Tendency for Mode?

Answer 7

Mode
- can be used with nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio data
- distribution can have more than 1 mode
Bimodel
- a distribution with 2 modes
Multimodal
- distribution with more than one mode

Question 8

What is central tendency for median?

Answer 8

Median
- measure of central tendency for one variable indicating the point or score at which half the cases are higher and half are lower
Way to identify the median
- organize the scores from highest to lowest
- count to the middle

Question 9

How to measure central tendency of the mean?

Answer 9

• only used with interval or ratio-level data
• compute the mean by adding up all the scores then divide by the number of scores
  Skewed distribution
• more cases are in the upper or lower scores

Question 10

What are the measures of variation?

Answer 10

Range
- the distance between lowest and highest scores
Percentiles
- tell the score at a specific place within the distribution

Question 11

What is greater clustering?

Answer 11

• scores around the mean in the distribution for service A indicates less dispersion

Question 12

What is flatter curve

Answer 12

• distribution for Service B indicates more variety or dispersion

Question 13

What is standard deviation?

Answer 13

• a measure of dispersion for one variable that indicates an average distance between the scores and the mean
• requires an interval or ratio level of measurement
• it increases in value as the variability of distribution increases

Question 14

What are Z-scores?

Answer 14

• standard deviation and the mean are used to calculate z-scores
• they represent standardized scores, z-scores let a researcher compare two or more distributions or groups

Question 15

What is a Bivariate relationship?

Answer 15

Bivariate statistics
- statistical measures that involve two variables
Correlation
- things vary together or are associated
Independence
- there is no association or no relationship between variables

Question 16

What is a scattergram?

Answer 16

• graph where a researcher plots each case of observation where each axis represents the value of one variable

Question 17

What are forms of scatter grams?

Answer 17

1. Independence
2. linear relationship
3. curvilinear relationship
4. direction
   - linear relationships can have a positive or negative direction
5. Precision
   - bivariate relationships differ in their degree of precision

Question 18

What are bivariate tables?

Answer 18

• present the same information as a scattergram but in a table format
• cross tabulation
• contingency table

Question 19

What is cross tabulation?

Answer 19

cases are organized in the table based on two variables at the same time

Question 20

What are contingency tables?

Answer 20

formed by cross tabulating two or more variables

Question 21

What is the measures of association?

Answer 21

• a single number that expresses the strength and often the direction of a relationship

Question 22

3 things to assert that a relationship exists

Answer 22

1. temporal order
2. association
3. eliminate other explanations

Question 23

What is statistical control?

Answer 23

researchers control for alternative explanations by introducing a third variable

Question 24

What is the elaboration model?

Answer 24

trivariate tables
- consist of multiple bivariate tables
partials
- tables for three variables that show the association between the independent and dependent variables for each category of a control variable

Question 25

What is multiple regression?

Answer 25

• a multivariate statistical technique that allows us to break down the separate effects of the independent variables on the dependent variable

Question 26

What are inferential statistics?

Answer 26

• used for researchers to know the relationships they see in samples and how to apply them to populations
• they allow inferences about relationships in the population using sample data
• rely on probability theory

Question 27

What is statistical significance?

Answer 27

levels of significance
- a way of talking about the likelihood that results are sue to chance factors
- relationship appears in the sample when there is none in the population

Question 28

What is type1 and type 2 errors?

Answer 28

Type 1
- occurs when the researcher says that a relationship exists when in fact none exists
Type 2
- occurs when the researcher says there is no relationship when in fact there is