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DevBio ni Ma'am K > Chapter 11-Reporting > Flashcards

Chapter 11-Reporting Flashcards

1
Q

is a process where an active neuron can suppress synapse formation by other neurons on the same target

A

gastrulation

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2
Q

It extends beneath the neural tube,
forming bands of mesodermal cells

A

notochord

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3
Q

is specified by the Noggin protein’s antagonism of BMP signaling

A

paraxial mesoderm

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4
Q

forms the vertebrate and rib cartilage

A

sclerotome

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5
Q

form the musculature back, rib cage and ventral body dome

A

myotome

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6
Q

Contains skeletal
muscle progenitor cells and cells that
generate the dermis of the back

A

dermomyotome

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7
Q
  • Arises from the most dorsal
    sclerotome that generates tendons
A

syndetome

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8
Q

Forms from the internal
cells of the sclerotome. Forms vertebral
joins, intervertebral disc, and
proximal portion of the ribs

A

arthronome

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9
Q

what are the components of somatogenesis?

A

periodicity, fissure formation, epithelialization, specification, and differentiation

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10
Q

somite formation begins in the anterior trunk

A

periodicity

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11
Q

somites are separated

A

fissure formation

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12
Q

somites are shaped by the presomitic mesoderm

A

epithelialization

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13
Q

somites are shaped by the mesoderm’s structure

A

specification

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14
Q

somites differentiate into different parts

A

differentiation

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15
Q

involves the peeling away of
surface ectoderm, revealing well-formed somite and paraxial mesoderm

A

somite formation

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16
Q

This is rounding into a
somitomere, and neural crest cells migrate
ventrally from the neural tube roof.

A

paraxial mesoderm

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17
Q
  • In chick embryos, a new somite is formed every _______________, while in mouse embryos, this time
    frame is more variable
A

90 minutes

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18
Q

the formation of somites during
the development of an embryo.

A

somitogenesis

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19
Q

are precursors to many structures in
our bodies, including the vertebrae and
skeletal muscles.

A

somites

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20
Q

this is a key player in
somitogenesis. It helps determine where and
when somites form, acting like a master
conductor orchestrating the formation of these structures.

A

Notch signaling pathway

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21
Q

Mammals possess four
different notch receptors, referred to as
NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, and
NOTCH4¹.

A

notch receptor

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22
Q

The expression pattern of a gene called
_________ wave, rising and falling.

A

hairyl

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23
Q
  • This is another important gene
    in this process.
  • Activated by Notch, its protein product
    initiates reactions that suppress Notch
    activity.
A

Mesp2/c-Mesol

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24
Q

In the rostral, or anterior half, it induces a
gene called ___________

A

Eph A4

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25
Q

Through these processes, the somite
boundary is determined, and the somite is
given anterior/posterior polarity at the
same time.

A

somite boundary and polarity

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26
Q
  • this is not a time-telling
    clock, but one that regulates the
    development of an organism.
  • is a network of
    genes whose expression oscillates
    synchronously and thereby regulates the
    timing of developmental events.
A

segmentation clock

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27
Q

a protein that plays a critical role in
cell growth, differentiation, and
migration.

A

FgfS or Fibroblast Growth Factor

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28
Q

is a complex network
of proteins best known for their roles
in embryogenesis and cancer.

A

Wnt signaling

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29
Q
  • is a highly conserved
    pathway that regulates cell-cell
    interactions crucial to multiple cell
    differentiation processes.
  • can inhibit its own
    activity in a negative feedback loop,
    maintaining a delicate balance.
A

notch clock

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30
Q

This is a highly conserved cell signaling
system present in most animals. It
coordinates cellular differentiation
during development and homeostasis
in numerous organs and tissues across
metazoans1

A

notch signaling pathway

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31
Q

This mechanism involves an
oscillating signal (the clock) provided
by cascading genetic networks, while
a gradient of fibroblast growth factor
(FGF) provides the somite boundaries
(the wave).

A

clock and wavefront mechanism

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32
Q

a theoretical framework that describes
the segmentation clock as a network of
coupled oscillations in the Notch, Wnt,
and FGF signaling pathways. This
model suggests that the formation of
somites in the course of vertebrate
segmentation is governed by an
oscillator known as the segmentation
clock.

A

Goldbeter and Pourquie model

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33
Q

are blocks of mesoderm that
are located on either side of the neural
tube in the developing vertebrate
embryo.

A

somites

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34
Q

Somites give rise to important
structures such as the ____________ and _____

A

vertebrae, ribs

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35
Q

Snake embryos, for instance, can
have ____________ of somites.

A

hundreds

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36
Q

is a crucial process
in embryonic development, leading to
the segmentation of the body plan.

A

somite formation

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37
Q

Ectodermal signals cause the
peripheral somitic cells to
undergo this transition by
lowering the levels of a protein
called ______________

A

Cdc42

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38
Q

o The receptor tyrosine kinase
__________ and its ligand, __________,
play a crucial role in somite
development

A

EphA4, ephrin B2

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39
Q

The epithelialization of each
somite is stabilized by the
synthesis of the extracellular
matrix protein ___________ and
the adhesion protein ________________

A

fibronectin, N-cadherin.

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40
Q

this which will eventually form the
somites, is determined by its position
along the anterior-posterior axis
before somitogenesis, the process of
somite formation

A

segmental plate mesoderm

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41
Q

The regulation of the ______________ by the
segmentation clock allows
coordination between the formation
and the specification of the new
segments.

A

Hox genes

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42
Q

blocks of cells derived from the separation
of paraxial mesoderm which are highly important in
the organization of segmental parts of vertebrate
embryos.

A

somite

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43
Q

what are the somite-derived structures?

A
  1. Cartilage of the vertebrates and ribs.
  2. Muscles of the rib cage, limbs, abdominal
    wall, back, and tongue.
  3. Tendons (muscles to bones connection).
  4. Dermis of the dorsal skin.
  5. Vascular cells (contributes to the formation
    of the aorta and intervertebral blood vessels).
  6. Cellular sheaths, or meninges, of the spinal
    cord (protects the central nervous system).
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44
Q

what are the three major compartments of mature somite?

A

schlerotome, dermomyotome, and myotome

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45
Q
  • is a portion of the somite that
    gives rise to mesenchymal cells which
    become the cartilage cells (vertebrae and
    major part of each ribs
A

schlerotome

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46
Q

the remaining epithelial
portion of the somite

A

dermomyotome

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47
Q
  • central portion of the
    dermomyotome.
    ⮚ forms the back dermis and other
    derivatives.
    ⮚ give rises to a third population of
    muscle cells.
A

dermatome

48
Q
  • the two lateral portions of the
    epithelium (dorsomedial and ventrolateral
    lips closest and farthest from the neural tube).
    ● forms the muscle cells
A

Myotome

49
Q

The muscle precursor in the lateral
myotome will move beneath the
dermomyotome producing the _____________
which are the lower layer of muscle
precursor cells.

A

myoblasts

50
Q

Myoblast closest to the neural tube forms
________________ including the intercostal
musculature between the ribs, and the deep
muscles of the back while the myoblast
farthest from the neural tube produces
__________________of the body wall, limbs, and
tongue.

A

primaxial muscle, abaxial muscles

51
Q

boundary between the primaxial and abaxial muscles.
● between the somite-derived and lateral plate derived dermis

A

lateral somitic frontier

52
Q

holds the daughter cells
until downregulated letting the
daughter cells to move in separate
ways.

A

N-cadherin

53
Q

undifferentiated muscle
precursor cells delaminated from the
epithelial plate joining the primary
myotome that proliferate rapidly.

A

myoblast cell

54
Q

responsible for postnatal
muscle growth and muscle repair.

A

satellite cell

55
Q
  • source of Sonic hedgehog and Noggin.
    ⮚ Critical for sclerotome formation
    ⮚ Produces compounds directing
    the migration of sclerotome cells
    to the center of the embryo
    forming the vertebrae.
    ⮚ Degenerates by apoptosis
A

notochord

56
Q

source of Wnts and
BMPs

A

neural tube and surface epithelium

57
Q

induced schlerotome cells by paracrine factors

A

transcription factor Pax 1 an I-mf

58
Q

EMT and cell
differentiation into cartilage

A

transcription factor Pax 1

59
Q

inhibitor of myogenic (muscle forming) family of transcription factors

A

I-mf

60
Q

– generates the meninges of the spinal cord, as well as, the blood vessels

A

medial mesenchymal cells

61
Q

– the central region of the somites
composed of mesenchymal cells which become the vertebral joints, intervertebral discs, and rib portions
closest to the vertebrae

A

arthrotome

62
Q

generates the muscle
precursor and the dermal cells constituting the
connective tissue layer of the dorsal skin

A

central dermomyotome

63
Q

a sharp demarcation
between the somite- and lateral plate-derived dermis

A

lateral somitic factor

64
Q

FACTORS REGULATING THE EMT OF THE
CENTRAL DERMOMYOTOME

A

neurotrophin-3 and Wnt1

65
Q

prevents the conversion of the epithelial dermatome into loose dermal mesenchyme once activities are blocked by antibodies.

A

neurotrophin-3

66
Q

promotes the differentiation of
the dorsally migrating central
dermomyotome cells into dermis.

A

Wnt1

67
Q

plays a key role in energy utilization by
burning fats.

A

brown adipose cell (brown fats)

68
Q

brown fat cells have the
same somitic precursor
with skeletal muscles

A

BHLH proteins

69
Q

vital for myoblast conversion into
brown fat cells.

A

transcription factor PRDM16

70
Q

from the medial portion of the
somite induced by the factors from the neural tube.

A

primaxial myoblast

71
Q

from the lateral edge of the somite
❖ specified by the Wnt proteins (epidermis)
and the signals (lateral plate mesoderm)

A

abaxial myoblast

72
Q

influence the myoblasts
migration away from the dorsal region
delaying the differentiation until they are
more ventrally located.

A

scatter factor

73
Q

INHIBITORY SIGNALS – inhibiting the BMP4

A

sonic hedgehog and noggin

74
Q

CONDITIONS NEEDED TO PRODUCE MUSCLE
PRECURSORS

A
  1. Presence of the Wnt signals
  2. Absence of the BMPs
75
Q

⮚ In the paraxial mesoderm
o Synthesis and secretion of the
BMP inhibitor Noggin
o Promotion of the myoblast
formation
⮚ When removed
o Decreases the skeletal
musculature
o Weak ventral body wall
o Herniated heart and
abdominal organs

A

epiblast cells

76
Q

MyoD and MyfS belong to a family of
transcription factors called the __________________________ proteins (sometimes also
referred to as myogenic regulatory factors,
or MRFs)

A

bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix)

77
Q

It can activate other genes whose
products act as cofactors for MyoDs binding
to a later group of enhancers

A

MyoD

78
Q

One type of putative stem cell, the________________, is found within the basal lamina of
mature myofibers. It respond to
injury or exercise by proliferating into
myogenic cells that fuse and form new
muscle fibers; these cells may be stern cells
with the capacity to generate daughter cells
for renewal or differentiation.

A

satellite cells

79
Q

THREE DISTINCT LINEAGES THAT GENERATES THE SKELETON

A

somite, lateral plate mesoderm, cranial neural crest

80
Q

Generate the axial ( Vertebral
Skeleton)

A

somite

81
Q

Generates the limb skeleton

A

lateral plate mesoderm

82
Q

Gives rise to the pharyngeal arch and craniofacial bones and cartilages

A

cranial neural crest

83
Q

Two major modes of bone formation

A

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

84
Q

Direct conversion of mesenchymal tissue into bone. This process occurs primarily in the bones of the skull. In other cases, the mesenchymal cells differentiate into cartilage, and this cartilage is later replaced by bone.

A

intramembranous ossification

85
Q

Is the process by which the embryonic
cartilaginous model of most bones contributes to longitudinal growth and is gradually replaced by bone.

A

endochondral ossification

86
Q

Five stages of endochondral ossification

A
  • Stage 1: Mesenchymal cells commit to becoming cartilage
    cells.
  • Stage 2: Committed mesenchyme cells condense into compact nodules and differentiate into
    chondrocytes or cartilage cells
  • Stage 3: Chondrocytes proliferate rapidity to form the cartilage model for the bone.
  • Stage 4: The chondrocytes stop dividing and increase their volume dramatically, becoming hypertrophic chondrocytes
  • Stage5: The blood vessels induced by VEGF invade the cartilage model
87
Q

the first functional intra-embryonic
blood vessels, arise as two separate bilateral
vessels in the trunk and undergo lateral-to-medial translocation, eventually fusing into a single large vessel at the midline.

A

dorsal aortae

88
Q

two cell layers of dorsal aorta

A

endothelial cell and smooth muscle cells

89
Q

is derived from the ectoderm and
mesoderm. Progenitor cells of these originate from the ventral and lateral ectodermal areas. In animal models, in the crania and limb regions, it is formed in the absence of the muscle.

A

tendon

90
Q

The most dorsal part of the sclerotome will become the fourth compartment of the somite, the ____________

A

syndetome

91
Q

generates the urogenital
system such kidneys, gonads, and their respective duct systems.

A

intermediate mesoderm

92
Q
  • Functional unit of kidney consisting more than 10,000 cells and at least 12 different cell types
  • derived from Greek word- nephros meaning kidney
A

nephron

93
Q

what are the function of nephron?

A

filtration, reabsorption and secretion.

94
Q

Three Major Forms of Mammalian Kidney Developmental Progress

A

pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros

95
Q

arises in the intermediate mesoderm ventrolateral to anterior somite.
Cells of this duct leads to formation of pronephros, the tubules of initial kidney or the pronephric tubules, due to the
migration of cells caudally, and the anterior region of the duct induces the adjacent mesenchyme forming this.

A

pronephros

96
Q

First epithelial tubule to differentiate
from intermediate mesoderm which crucial for all further urogenital development

A

wolffian duct

97
Q

arise as pronephric tubules degenerate, and middle portion of nephric duct induces new set of kidney tubules.

A

mesonephros

98
Q

In humans, about ___ mesonephric tubules form, beginning around day 25.

A

30

99
Q

A permanent kidney of amniotes
which originates through complex set of interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal components of
the intermediate mesoderm.

A

metanephros

100
Q

Steps in Early Stage of Kidney Development

A
  1. The kidney forming METANEPHRIC/
    METANEPHROGENIC MESENCHYME
    becomes committed in the posterior regions of intermediate mesoderm
  2. The ureteric buds, which are epithelial branches eventually grow out from the nephric duct.
  3. Entering metanephric mesenchyme
  4. Inducing mesenchymal tissue to condense around them and differentiate into the nephrons of the mammalian kidney
  5. As the mesenchyme begins to differentiate, it tells the ureteric bid to branch and grow.
101
Q

plays several roles in the formation of the mouse kidney. (Early in development it is needed for converting the intermediate mesenchyme into the nephric duct, and later it is required for the formation
of the ureteric bud and the nephrons that form from mesonephric and metanephric mesenchyme)

A

Lim1

102
Q

(determine the anterior-posterior body axis) makes cells competent to express Lim and make a kidney

A

hox

103
Q

secreted by the neural tube. (This competence to respond to activin is established by the transcription factor Hoxb4, which is
not expressed in the anterior most region of the intermediate mesoderm)

A

TGF- β superfamily paracrine factor

104
Q

-two distinct progenitor cell populations derived from the intermediate mesenchyme

A

ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme

105
Q

gives rise to all of the cell
types that compose the mature collecting
ducts and the ureter,

A

ureteric bud

106
Q

gives rise to all of the cell types that compose the mature nephron, as well as to some vascular and stromal derivatives.

A

metanephric mesenchyme

107
Q

this occurs when the two interacting tissues are both inducers and
are competent to respond to each other signals

A

mechanism of reciprocal induction

108
Q

what are the mechanism of reciprocal induction?

A
  • STEP 1. Formation of Metanephric Mesenchyme and the Ureteric Bud
  • STEP 2. The Metanephric Mesenchyme Induces Outgrowth of the Ureteric bud.
  • STEP 3. The Ureteric Bud Prevents Mesenchymal Apoptosis
  • STEP 4. The Mesenchyme Induces the Branching of the Ureteric Acid
  • STEP 5. Wnt Signals Convert the Aggregated
    Mesenchyme Cells into a Nephron
  • STEP 6. Inserting the Ureter into the Bladder
109
Q

It does not only induces the initial ureteric bud from the nephric duct but can also induce secondary buds from the ureteric bud once the bud enters the mesenchyme GDNF also induces Wnt 11 synthesis in the responsive cells at the tip of bud

A

Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)

110
Q

critical for transforming the
metanephric mesenchyme cells into tubular
epithelium. These paracrine signals induce yet
another Wnt in the mesenchyme

A

Wnt9b and Wnt6

111
Q

act as autocrine manner to complete the
transition from mesenchymal mass to epithelium

A

Wnt4

112
Q

This is critical for different gene
expression along the length of the new epithelium

A

Combination of signaling factors

113
Q

a condition where one or both kidneys become stretched and swollen as the result of a build-up of urine inside them

A

hydronephrosis

114
Q

made into a watertight connecting duct by the
condensation of mesenchymal cells around it.

A

ureter

115
Q

portion where bladder develops
which will become the waste receptacle for
both the intestine and the kidney

A

cloaca

DevBio ni Ma'am K (15 decks)

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