Chapter 11 (State-Sponsored Terrorism)

Question 1

state-sponsored terrorism

Answer 1

terror groups that are actively or passively supported by a state to 1) help the state and group use violence more effectively 2) bolster political activities and achieve political goals, or 3) find a way to sustain an organization

Question 2

Considerations of state-sponsored terrorism

Answer 2

1. reprisal (states will face clear, long-term, negative consequences if caught), 2. reliability (terrorists are inefficient and untrustworthy), 3. reputation (bad look if caught) , 4. restrictions (organization’s autonomy is taken away because of dependence on state resources)

Question 3

US designations as state-sponsors

Answer 3

Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria

Question 4

Categories of relationships

Answer 4

1. capable supporter (strong state that actively uses terror groups, not the other way around), 2. capable opposition (a strong state that condemns terrorism and can do something about it), 3. incapable supporter (lack capacity to remove terror, but aren’t completely opposed to it), 4. incapable opposition (oppose terrorism, but don’t have the capacity to do anything about it)

Question 5

How states support terror (So My Octopus Is Darn Intelligent) (Thanks, Don!)

Answer 5

Sanctuary (safety), Material (weapons, money, etc.), Operational (training, interrogation methods), Informational , Diplomatic (support efforts toward legitimization of the group), Intellectual (ideology binds people together)

Question 6

Instrumental Approach (to state-sponsored terrorism)

Answer 6

1. plausible deniability (the ability to deny blame because evidence is insufficient to prove otherwise); 2. power projection (the capacity of a state to deploy and sustain forces outside or beyond their own territory)

Question 7

Organizational Approach (to state-sponsored terrorism)

Answer 7

1. domestic support (showing you can be effective and strong outside of your country so your own nation supports you); 2. rent-seeking (individual/entity that wants wealth without actually benefiting society at large)

Question 8

Ideological Approach (to state-sponsored terrorism)

Answer 8

1. shared perspective (states are more willing to support terrorists when they share ideology); 2. international prestige (states and organizations will receive higher status within the world and will be seen as more dangerous)

Question 8

Psychological Approach (to state-sponsored terrorism)

Answer 8

1. personality (from sponsors’ POV, when a strong personality within leadership goes rogue and sponsors a group, simply because they want to); 2. groupthink (in a small group, these people all want to fit in and conform so they agree to irrational decisions)

Question 9

Structural Approach (to state-sponsored terrorism)

Answer 9

1. state weakness (lack capacity to stand up to terrorist groups, and inadvertently harbor terrorism, or sometimes join them); 2. shared institutions (without shared institutions from country to country, nations will not be able to employ counter-terrorism)

Question 10

Policy responses for state-sponsored terrorism

Answer 10

1. military coercion (threat or use of harm; hard power); 2. economic statecraft (engagement and sanctions); 3. informational warfare (disinformation and nationalism)

Question 11

engagement (economic statecraft)

Answer 11

economic enticement

Question 12

sanctions (economic statecraft)

Answer 12

economic punishment

Question 13

disinformation (information warfare)

Answer 13

propaganda; purposefully spreading incorrect or incomplete information, usually by intelligence agencies, to cause distrust between states

Question 14

nationalism (information warfare)

Answer 14

pride in a people; make the terror group feel more like their targets than the state sponsoring them