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PY100 Exam 3 > Chapter 11 (Weiten) > Flashcards

Chapter 11 (Weiten) Flashcards

From class notes and concept chart

1
Q

Personality trait

A

Durable disposition to behave in a particular way across a variety of situations

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2
Q

Five-factor model of personlity

A

Most influential model of personality structure in recent decades. Trait model that attempts to break personality down into five higher-order traits that have come to be known as the “Big Five”

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3
Q

What are the “Big Five”?

A
  1. Neuroticism (essentially defined as emotional instability)
  2. Extraversion
  3. Openness to experience
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Conscientiousness
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4
Q

What percentage of psychology is mental illness?

A

10%

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5
Q

Personality

A

Consistent patterns of thinking, behaving, feeling

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6
Q

What is the significance of the Big Five traits?

A

Predictive of important life outcomes, such as grades, occupational attainment, divorce, health and mortality

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7
Q

How was Freud’s psychoanalytic theory developed?

A

Out of his therapeutic work with clients

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8
Q

What did Freud’s psychoanalytic theory emphasize?

A

Importance of the unconscious

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9
Q

What three components did Freud divide personality structure into?

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
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10
Q

Id

A

Primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle

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11
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Demands immediate gratification of its urges

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12
Q

What system is the id associated with?

A

Limbic system

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13
Q

Ego

A

Decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle

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14
Q

Reality principle

A

Seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found

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15
Q

What is the function of the ego?

A

Mediates between the id, with its forceful desires for immediate satisfaction, with the external social world, with its expectations and norms regarding suitable behaviour

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16
Q

Superego

A

Moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong

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17
Q

When does the superego emerge out of the ego?

A

According to Freud the superego develops around 3 to 5 years of age but Colberg said it doesn’t develop until adulthood

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18
Q

What three levels of awareness does Freud describe?

A
  1. Conscious
  2. Preconscious
  3. Unconscious
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19
Q

Conscious

A

Consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time (current awareness)

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20
Q

Preconscious

A

Contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved

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21
Q

Unconscious

A

Contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness, but that nonetheless exert great influence on behaviour

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22
Q

What conflict did Freud theorize would likely lead to significant anxiety?

A

Conflicts centering on sex and aggression

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23
Q

According to Freud, how are anxiety and other unpleasant emotions warded off?

A

Defense mechanisms

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24
Q

What do defense mechanisms work through?

A

Self-deception

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25
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions, such as anxiety and guilt

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26
Q

What are the four main defense mechanisms we discussed in class?

A
  1. Rationalization
  2. Projection
  3. Displacement
  4. Reaction formation
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27
Q

Rationalization

A

Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour

28
Q

Why do we engage in rationalization?

A

To save egos from being defeated

29
Q

What is an example of rationalization?

A

Desiring something, getting evidence back that you weren’t good enough and then being like, I didn’t want that anyways

30
Q

Projection

A

Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another

31
Q

What do cognitive behaviourists argue about projection?

A

That it is a way of talking about oneself with other people without making it obvious that you are talking about yourself

32
Q

What is an example of projection?

A

A woman who dislikes her boss thinks she likes her boss but feels that the boss doesn’t like her

33
Q

Displacement

A

Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target

34
Q

What is an example of displacement?

A

Broncos lost, I can’t beat up the Broncos but I can beat up my wife

35
Q

Reaction formation

A

Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings

36
Q

What is an example of reaction formation?

A

Last November, West Goodman, a Republican senator from Ohio, talked vehemently about “natural marriage” and was caught having sex with a man in his office

37
Q

What five psychosexual stages did Freud propose that children evolve through?

A
  1. Oral (0-1)
  2. Anal (1-3)
  3. Phallic (3-5)
  4. Latency (6-puberty)
  5. Genital stages (puberty onwards)
38
Q

What did Freud use the term sexual to refer to?

A

Urges for physical pleasure

39
Q

Fixation

A

Involves a failure to move forward from one stage to another, as expected

40
Q

What is the erotic focus during each of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?

A
  1. Oral– mouth (sucking, biting)
  2. Anal– anus (expelling or retaining feces)
  3. Phallic– genitals (masturbating)
  4. Latency– none (sexually repressed)
  5. Genital stages– genitals (being sexually intimate)
41
Q

What key tasks and experiences are associated with each of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?

A
  1. Oral– weaning (from breast or bottle)
  2. Anal– toilet training
  3. Phallic– identifying with adult role models; coping with Oedipal/ Electra crisis
  4. Latency– expanding social contacts; typically playing with same gender people
  5. Genital stages– establishing intimate relationships; contributing to society through working
42
Q

Castration anxiety

A

Where the child allegedly fears the father because the boy believes that the dad knows the boy wants to have sex with mom and will cut off his penis

43
Q

Penis envy

A

Where young girls feel hostile towards their mother because they blame her for their anatomical “deficiency”

44
Q

Oedipal complex

A

Children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent

45
Q

What do fixations in each of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development allegedly lead to in adult personalities?

A
  1. Oral– obsessive eating or smoking
  2. Anal– anal retentive personality (frugality, facetiousness, stubbornness) and anxiety about sexual activities
  3. Phallic– Oedipal/ Electra complex
  4. Latency– homosexuality
  5. Genital stages– sexual perversion
46
Q

What are fixations allegedly caused by?

A

Excessive gratification of needs or excessive frustration of those needs at a particular stage

47
Q

Latent content

A

What you report

48
Q

Manifest content

A

Psychoanalyst’s interpretation of what it means

49
Q

According to Freud, how does personality develop?

A

From the constant conflicts you have between your biological impulses and the societal constraints that you have being a human being in a civilized culture

50
Q

What techniques did Freud use to study the unconscious?

A
  1. Dreams (railroad to the unconscious)
  2. Freudian slips (slips of the tongue)
  3. Stream of consciousness (would give a word and have the person keep talking)
  4. Free association (would say some words and ask for the first word that came to mind)
51
Q

What did Jung’s analytical psychology emphasize?

A

Unconscious determinants of personality, but he divided the unconscious into the personal and collective unconscious

52
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past

53
Q

Archetypes

A

Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning

54
Q

What does Adler’s individual psychology emphasize?

A

How social forces shape personality development

55
Q

What did Adler argue is the foremost motivational force in people’s lives?

A

Striving for superiority

56
Q

What did Adler attribute personality disturbances to?

A

Excessive inferiority feelings (inferiority complex) that can pervert the normal process of striving for superiority and can result in overcompensation

57
Q

Compensation

A

Efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities

58
Q

Behaviourism

A

Theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour

59
Q

What are five main criticisms of psychodynamic formulations?

A
  1. Poor testability
  2. Unrepresentative samples
  3. Overemphasis on case studies
  4. Contradictory evidence
  5. Sexism
60
Q

Projective tests

A

A psychological test in which ambiguous stimuli is presented and the responses analyzed for the unconscious expression of elements of personality that they reveal

61
Q

Who was Rorschach?

A

Rorschach was a psychoanalyst and a huge fan of Freud

62
Q

What was Rorschach’s main contribution to society?

A

Rorschach’s Inkblot test

63
Q

When was Rorschach’s Inkblot test developed?

A

1921

64
Q

Incremental validity

A

A type of validity that is used to determine whether a new psychometric assessment will increase the predictive ability beyond that provided by an existing method of assessment

65
Q

What is the most used objective personality test nowadays?

A

MMPI (Minnesota, Multiphasic, Personality, Inventory)

66
Q

What does the MMPI consist of?

A

567 yes or no questions that you are supposed to answer instantaneously

67
Q

Why was the MMPI worthless on reservations?

A

Normative data was not collected for indigenous populations. Cultural commonalities, such as valuing spiritual experiences and hallucinations, made it so that many indigenous individuals scored high on the schizophrenia scale. Individual variability was thus lost to what the commonalities of individuals belonging to this community.

PY100 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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