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Biology F4 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is coordination?

A

A stimuli detection process by receptor that ends in appropriate responses by effector.

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2
Q

Component of coordination

A

Stimulus, receptor, integration centre, effector, response

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3
Q

What is stimulus?

A

Any changes in the surrounding that bring to a responses

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4
Q

What is receptor?

A

Sensory organ that receives stimuli from the environment and convert them into nerve impulses before sending them to integration centre through afferent pathway

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5
Q

What is integration centre?

A

Part of the brain that interpret and analyse nerve impulses from the receptor and decide an appropriate responses to take

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6
Q

What is effector?

A

Muscles or organ that produce a response when stimulated by a nerve impulse

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7
Q

What is response?

A

Reaction of an organism towards a stimulus

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8
Q

List two types of stimuli

A

External stimuli

Internal stimuli

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9
Q

Examples of external stimuli

A

Light
Sound
Smell

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10
Q

Example of internal stimuli

A

Body temperature
Osmotic pressure
Blood pH

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11
Q

Necessity of response

A

To ensure its own survival and the survival of the species
To protect itself from danger
To regulate internal environment through homeostasis
To adapt itself to changes in its environment

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12
Q

What is the function of nervous coordination

A

Helps to detect stimuli
Coordinate all the functions of the organ systems
So that the organism can response appropriately to changes in the environment

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13
Q

Nervous system can be divided into ….. (two)

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

Central nervous system consist of ….

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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15
Q

Peripheral nervous system consist of….

A

Cranial nerve
Spinal nerve
Sensory receptor

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16
Q

Describe cranial nerve and the function

A

Consist of 12 pairs of nerves arising the brainstem

Connect brain to the sensory organ and effector in the head and neck

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17
Q

Describe spinal nerves and function

A

Consist of 31 pairs of nerves arising spinal cord

Connect spinal cord to the sensory organ and effector

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18
Q

Function of cerebrum

A

a) Sensory areas
- receive and interpret sensory information from sensory receptor of the skin
b) Motor areas
- transmit motor commands through efferent pathways from the brain to the skeletal muscle
c) Association areas
- Integrate, interpret and receive information to enable human mind to preceive the world meaningfully
- centre of consciousness, intelligence, memory, language

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19
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

a) Receive sensory information
b) Coordinate the skeletal contraction to enable movement
c) controls body posture and balance

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20
Q

Function of medulla oblongata

A

a) Transmit information from brain to the spinal cord
b) controls involuntary action
c) controls reflex action

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21
Q

Function of thalamus

A

a) Relays all sensory information from the cerebellum
b) Relays all motor commands from the cerebrum to the effector
c) Involves perception of pain and pressure

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22
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

a) centre of autonomic nervous system
b) link nervous system to the endocrine system via pituitary gland
c) controls the hormonal secretion of the pituitary gland
d) regulate the dynamic equilibrium of body (homeostasis)

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23
Q

Function of pituitary gland

A

Receive information from the brain via hypothalamus to produce hormones that regulate the secretion of other endocrine gland.

24
Q

What is spinal cord?

A

A tubular bundle of nerve that extended from medulla oblongata to the pelvic girdle and lies within vertebral canal, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid.

25
Q

What is the function of central canal?

A

Transport nutrients and oxygen to the neurones and removes carbon dioxide and excretory waste from them

26
Q

What is the function of spinal cord?

A

Control reflex action/ involuntary action (Connect muscle to the respective sensory organ via efferent neurones and afferent neurones)
Connect brain to the peripheral nervous system to transmit nerve impulses to and from the brain

27
Q

Grey matter of spinal cord is made up of what?

A

Cell body and dendrites of neurones

28
Q

White matter of spinal cord madeof what?

A

Myelinated axons

29
Q

Dorsal root ganglion madu up of what?

A

Cell bodies of afferent neurone

30
Q

Explain dorsal root

A

Dorsal root contain only afferent neurones (sensory neurones) and transmit nerve impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord

31
Q

Explain ventral root

A

Ventral root contain only efferent neurones (motor neurones) and transmit nerve impulses from spinal cord to the effector

32
Q

ventral root and dorsal root will combine at the end. Give the name

A

Spinal nerve

33
Q

What is the main function of peripheral nervous system?

A

Connecting the central nervous system to the body and the external environment

34
Q

State two types of neurone

A

Motor neurone

Sensory neurone

35
Q

State two types of nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system, Autonomic nervous system

36
Q

Central nervous system

A

As an integration and control centre

37
Q

What is nervous system

A

A bundle of neurone/ nerve cell

38
Q

What is nerve

A

A bundle of nerve fibre (Axon and dendrite)

39
Q

Explain the structure of neurones

A

A neurone consist of a cell body made up of a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm and nerve fibres. Two types of nerve fibres extended from the cell body which is axon (transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body) and dendrites (transmit nerve impulses towards the cell body). An axon branches out to form fine fibres called axon terminal that ends in a bulbous enlargement called synaptic knob.

40
Q

States the two type of nerve fibre extended from the cell body and give some explanation

A

Axon - Transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body

Dendrites - Transmit nerve impulses towards the cell body

41
Q

Explain the characteristic and function of cell body

A
  • Consist of cytoplasm and a nucleus

- Transmit nerve impulses to the axon

42
Q

Explain the characteristic and function of myelin sheath

A
  • A lipid structure
  • Form a Schwan cell surrounded the axon
  • Protect axon from injury
  • Insulate axon for faster transmission of nerve impulses
  • Provides nutrients to the axon
43
Q

Explain the characteristic and function of axon

A
  • thin, elongated nerve fibre ectended fromthe cell body

- transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body

44
Q

Explain the characteristic and the structure of dendrites

A
  • short branches cytoplasmic extention from the cell body

- receive information from other neurones or from the surrounding environment and transmit towards the cell body

45
Q

Explain the characteristic and function of axon terminal

A
  • fine branches of nerve fibres ends in a bulbous enlargement called synaptic knobs
  • transmit nerve impulse across the synapse (via neurotransmitter) at the synaptic knobs to the effector or the other neurones
46
Q

Explain the characteristic and function of Node of Ranvier

A
  • periodic gap found in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon
  • speed up the transmission of signal as nerve impulses jump from one node to the next down the axon
47
Q

Characteristic of sensory neurone

A

Type of nervous system - PNS
Function - Transmit nerve impulses from the receptor to CNS
Location of cell body - In the dorsal root ganglion
Location of axon - Outside the CNS
Dendrites - Synapse with receptor
Axon - Synapse with relay and other neurones in the CNS

48
Q

Characteristic of relay neurone

A

Type of nervous system - CNS
Function - Connect sensory and motor neurone to form a neurone circuit
Location of axon - Inside the CNS
Location of cel body - In the grey matter of CNS
Dendrites - Synapse with other neurones
Axon - Synapse with other neurones

49
Q

Characteristic of motor neurone

A

Type of nervous system - PNS
Function - Transmit nerve impulses from the CNS to effector
Location of axon - Outside the CNS
Location of cell body - In grey matter of spinal cord
Dendrites - Synapse with relay neurone
Axon - Synapse with effector

50
Q

Information carried along the neurone is called?

A

Nerve impulses

51
Q

Transmision of nerve impulse involves ….

A

a) Changes in electrical charges across the membrane of neurone
b) Movement of ion, and the most important ion is Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)

52
Q

The nerve impulse travel in how many direction

A

one direction

53
Q

Where transmission of nerve impulse begin?

A

Begins in a receptor and ends in a effector

54
Q

Pathway of nerve impulse

A

1) Sensory receptor detect the stimuli which starts a nerve impulses in a sensory neurone.
2) Sensory neurone transmit nerve impulses via relay neurone to the CNS
3) CNS integrate and interpret information, make a decision and transmit a commands in a nerve impulses via relay neurone to the motor neurone
4) Motor neurone transmit nerve information to the effector
5) Effector receive the motor commands and carries out the responses

55
Q

What is synapse

A

Synapse is the narrow synaptic gap between synaptic knob of axon terminal and the dendrites of the next neurones
Synapse is the narrow synaptic gap that nerve impulses has to cross to reach the next neurone at neurone to neurone junction

56
Q

State three type of synapse junction

A

Neurone to neurone junction
Neurone to muscle cell junction
Neurone to gland junction

57
Q

What is the function of synapse

A

a) enable nerve impulses transmit from one neurone to another neurone, one neurone to muscle cell, one neurone to gland
b) ensure nerve impulses transmit in one direction

Biology F4 (2 decks)

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