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Medical Terminology > Chapter 12 & 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 & 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Two____ located on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity

A

Ovaries

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2
Q

Production of estrogen and progesterone, which affects puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy

A

Ovaries

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3
Q

Extending laterally at superior angle from the uterus

A

Fallopian tubes

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4
Q

Pathway of ovum into uterus

A

Fallopian tubes

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5
Q

finger-like projections that propel the ovum into the oviduct

A

Fimbria

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6
Q

Muscular, hollow, pear-shaped structure suspended by ligaments in the pelvic cavity

A

Uterus

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7
Q

Responsible for housing and nourishing the embryo from implantation of the fertilized egg until birth

A

Uterus

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8
Q

Muscular tube extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body
Organ of sexual intercourse

A

Vagina

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9
Q

Passageway for delivery of the fetus

A

Vagina

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10
Q

Located anterior to the vaginal orifice
Organ of sexual response in the female
Composed of erectile tissue with sensory nerve endings

A

Clitoris

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11
Q

Structures of the external genitalia

Responsible for protecting the internal genitals

A

Vulva

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12
Q

thicker, outermost structures

A

Labia majora

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13
Q

smooth, thin, inner structures

A

Labia minora

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14
Q

Glandular lobes located in the breast of females that contain milk ducts, which lead to an opening in the nipple of the breast
Not directly involved in reproduction
More important after delivery
Production of milk to nourish neonate after birth

A

Mammary glands

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15
Q

Implantation and growth of fertilized ovum in places other than the uterine cavity
Most common site in a fallopian tube

A

Ectopic pregnancy

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16
Q

Ectopic pregnancy signs and symptoms

A

Signs of early pregnancy
Abdominal pain and tenderness as well as slight vaginal bleeding
Life-threatening rupture of a fallopian tube due to development of the conceptus, causing severe abdominal pain and intra-abdominal bleeding

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17
Q

Ectopic pregnancy treatments

A

Laparotomy, with all attempts made to save the ovary
Possible removal of a ruptured fallopian tube
Possible blood transfusion in severe intra-abdominal bleeding or hypovolemic shock

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18
Q

Encompassing a variety of malignant neoplasms of the breast
Usually beginning in the cells of the lobules (milk-producing glands) or the ducts that carry milk to the nipple
Most common malignancy of women in the U.S.
Associated with ovarian hormone function

A

Breast Cancer

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19
Q

Breast cancer sign and symptom

A

Early signs and symptoms
Common early sign: abnormality detected on a mammogram
Other early signs and symptoms: swelling, lump, dimpling, retraction of the nipple, discharge from the nipple, tenderness
Advanced signs and symptoms: nodularity, redness, edema, skin ulceration, enlarged or shrunken breast
Most common lump site: upper, outer quadrant of the breast

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20
Q

Contributing factors to breast cancer

A

High-fat diet
Family history of breast cancer
Use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), especially for prolonged periods of time

21
Q

Breast cancer treatment

A

Lumpectomy
Modified radical mastectomy
Adjuvant chemotherapy possibly indicated after surgery if malignant cells found in lymph nodes
Any combination of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy

22
Q

Primary tumor (red) and surrounding tissue (pink) removed

A

Lumpectomy

23
Q

Entire breast and underarm lymph nodes removed with chest muscles left intact

A

Modified radical mastectomy

24
Q

Growth of endometrial tissue in areas outside the uterus (see illustration)
Tissue found anywhere in the body, but most commonly within the pelvic area

A

Endometriosis

25
Q

Endometriosis

Signs and symptoms

A

Dysmenorrhea with pain in the lower back and vagina
Severity of pain not indicative of extent of disease
Dyspareunia
Dysuria
Painful defecation (less common)

26
Q

Endometriosis (continued)

Treatment

A

Based on the type and severity of symptoms
Aim to alleviate symptoms through medications or surgery
Shrinking or slowing down endometiral growth using hormone therapy (usually estrogen in mild cases)
If no pregnancy planned, birth control methods (patch, pills, or rings) to control the disorder
Surgery (laparoscopic) for severe symptoms to remove endometrial growth and adhesions
Hysterectomy in most severe cases

27
Q

uterus removed

A

Subtotal hysterecomy

28
Q

uterus and cervix removed

A

Total hysterectomy

29
Q

Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with an endoscope (laparoscope) through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus

A

Laparoscopy

30
Q

Radiographic (x-ray) examination of the breasts
Use of a special machine that spreads and flattens breast tissue to a thin layer
Providing more effective visualization of benign or malignant growths that are typically hidden by breast structures on a typical chest examination

A

Mammography

31
Q

Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluid
Used to detect genetic and biochemical disorders and fetal maturity

A

Amniocentesis

32
Q

Located in the scrotum

Production of sperm, the male sex cell

A

Testes

33
Q

Secretion of testosterone, the hormone that develops and maintains maleness

A

Testes

34
Q

Located on top of the testes

Storage place for sperm before ejaculation

A

Epididymis

35
Q

Transportation of sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

A

Vas deferens

36
Q

Nutrients to support sperm

Production of approximately 60% of the seminal fluid ejaculated during intercourse

A

Seminal vesicle

37
Q

Duct through which semen enters the urethra

A

Ejaculatory duct

38
Q

Production of alkaline fluid necessary for sperm viability

A

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)

39
Q

Triple-lobed organ situated at base of the bladder

Production of an alkaline substance that protects sperm against the acid environment of the vagina

A

Prostate gland

40
Q

Organ of copulation composed of erectile tissue
Enclosing the urethra, the structure that expels urine and semen from the body
Production of male sex cells (called sperm)
Transportation of sperm to sites of fertilization
Secretion of hormones vital to development and maintenance of sexual characteristics

A

Penis

41
Q

Malignant neoplasm of prostatic tissue

Most commonly an adenocarcinoma

A

Prostate Cancer

42
Q

Risk factor of prostate cancer

A

Advanced age (usually over age 50)
Genetic predisposition
Commonly metastasizing to pelvic and spinal bones

43
Q

Prostate Cancer

Signs and symptoms

A

Dysuria, hematuria, nocturia, and hesitancy
Sometimes erectile dysfunction and painful ejaculation
Symptoms (if present) typically associated with the urinary tract
Hip or back pain possibly present in advanced stages
Presymptomatic tests
Blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Periodic digital rectal examination (DRE)
Most commonly asymptomatic at diagnosis

44
Q

Prostate Cancer

Treatment

A

Depending on stage, grade, and physical condition and age of the patient
Prostatectomy and removal of adjacent affected tissues
Hormone therapy to limit prostatic growth, including orchidectomy and estrogen therapy
Chemotherapy in advanced stages of the disease
Radiation therapy to relieve metastatic bone pain

45
Q

Nonmalignant enlarged prostate that may affect urine flow

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

46
Q

BPH

Signs and symptoms

A

Clinically significant if the enlarging, hyperplastic
portion of the prostate obstructs urine flow
Urinary obstruction, including hesitancy and
urine retention
Dysuria, nocturia, dribbling, urinary frequency,
weak urine stream, or urinary or fecal incontinence
Hydronephrosis or pyelonephritis in severe cases of BPH (See illustration: hydronephrosis and progressive thickening of the bladder wall and dilation of the ureters and kidneys)

47
Q

BPH

Treatment

A

Depends on severity of symptoms in the urinary system
Symptomatic treatment may include prostatic massage, catheterization, and avoidance of caffeine and alcohol
Various medications to shrink the prostate or relax the muscles in the prostate
Nonsurgical options to shrink or destroy excess prostate tissue
Transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT), using microwave heat
Transurethral vaporization of the prostate (TUVP), using a high-frequency electrical current
Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA), using radio waves
Surgical interventions to remove obstructing tissue
Laser surgery
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

48
Q

Removal of the prostate using a resectoscope or electrocautery

A

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

49
Q

Blood test used to determine the level of PSA, a substance produced by the prostate
Elevated levels used to determine the need for further investigation to determine the cause
PSA levels elevated in cancer of the prostate, prostatomegaly, and prostatitis

A

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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