Chapter 12

Question 1

This bacteria breaks down mucus of the stomach so the acids come in contact with the lining of the stomach, causing an ulcer

Answer 1

H. Pylori, Helicobacter Pylori

Question 2

antibody found in mucous secretions, such as tears, saliva, sweat

Answer 2

IgA

Question 3

this breaks down the cell walls of some bacteria

Answer 3

lysozyme

Question 4

this is a protein that makes iron more limiting for bacteria, thereby being iron-binding

Answer 4

lipocalin

Question 5

what is the role of the ciliary escalator? what happens if it doesn’t work?

Answer 5

stops dust from entering lungs; pertussis occurs “whooping cough”

Question 6

why does staphylococci like the skin?

Answer 6

it’s a saline environment, which they thrive in

Question 7

• maintains low pH in the stomach

- kills bacteria

Answer 7

gastric secretions

Question 8

• microbial antagonism

ex: lactobacillus in vagina and E.Coli in colon

Answer 8

normal flora

Question 9

these are iron-binding plasma protiens

Answer 9

transferrins/ferritins

Question 10

iron-binding proteins produced by bacteria

Answer 10

siderophores

Question 11

how are siderophores an example of a virulence factor?

Answer 11

bacteria can get iron even if it’s in low concentration

Question 12

what is the role of the lymphatic system?

Answer 12

it returns blood back to the circulatory system

Question 13

this area of the body is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes

Answer 13

thymus

Question 14

this organ filters pathogens in the blood
-macrophages
Removes aged blood cells
-stores blood

Answer 14

spleen

Question 15

how are stem cells special?

Answer 15

they are indifferential; they can become any kind of cell

Question 16

what are some examples of the first line of defense?

Answer 16

skin,blood,spleen,lymphatic system, urine, perspiration, qq

Question 17

what are some examples of the second line of defense?

Answer 17

-granulocytes, agranulocytes, PAMPS

Question 18

what are the 2 granulocytes included in the line of defense?

Answer 18

neutrophils, and eosinophils

Question 19

this granulocyte:

• multilobed, 70% of WBC
• pus
• highly phagocytic
• bone marrow

Answer 19

neutrophils

Question 20

this granulocyte:

• found in bone marrow
• 1-6% of WBC’s
• INCREASE WHEN PARISITIC INFECTIONS OCCUR

Answer 20

eosinophil

Question 21

this includes:

• peptidoglycan
• lipopolysacharide
• dsRNA

Answer 21

PAMPS

Question 22

receptors that are always there

Answer 22

Pattern Recognition Receptors

Question 23

this activates natural killer cells

Answer 23

interleukin-12

Question 24

this increases antibody production

Answer 24

interleukin-6

Question 25

this increases vascular permeability

Answer 25

TNF

Question 26

this attract “defensive cells” to the site of infection

Answer 26

CXC-L8

Question 27

what are the two stages of inflammation?

Answer 27

• vasodilation

- increased blood vessel permeability

Question 28

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.

Answer 28

diapedesis

Question 29

these are antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication; protects the cells indirectly

Answer 29

interferons

Question 30

explain interferon production processes:

Answer 30

virus enter cells, cells sense it. genes are turned on (interferon production), goes through transcription and translation. interferons then radiate to the neighboring cells, and antiviral proteins are stimulated

Question 31

when bacterial cell lyses b/c of complement proteins

Answer 31

cytolysis

Question 32

how do defensins work?

Answer 32

defensins are natural anti-microbial proteins that we produce. they have a slight (+) charge, and the bacteria have a slight negative charge; therefore, there is an attraction, proteins enter the cell, creates a pore, and causes the cell to lyse.