Chapter 12

Question 1

Food insecurity

Answer 1

living with chronic hunger and poor nutrition, which threatens their ability to lead healthy and productive lives

Question 2

Chronic Undernutrition or Hunger

Answer 2

People who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs

Question 3

Chronic Malnutrition

Answer 3

deficiencies of protein and other key nutrients

Question 4

Famine

Answer 4

occurs when there is a severe shortage of food in an area and which can result in mass starvation, many deaths, economic chaos, and social disruption

Question 5

Overnutrition

Answer 5

occurs when food energy intake exceeds

energy use and causes excess body fat

Question 6

Irrigation

Answer 6

supplying water to crops by artificial means

Question 7

Industrialized Agriculture or High-Input Agriculture

Answer 7

uses heavy equipment and large amounts of financial capital, fossil fuels, water, commercial inorganic fertilizers, and pesticides to produce single crops, or monocultures

Question 8

Plantation Agriculture

Answer 8

a form of industrialized agriculture used primarily in tropical less-developed countries

Question 9

Hydroponics

Answer 9

involves growing plants by exposing their roots to a nutrient-rich water solution instead of soil, usually inside of a greenhouse

Question 10

Traditional Subsistence Agriculture

Answer 10

supplements energy from the sun with the labor of humans and draft animals to produce enough crops for a farm family’s
survival, with little left over to sell or store as a reserve for hard times.

Question 11

Traditional Intensive Agriculture

Answer 11

farmers increase their inputs of human and draft-animal labor, animal manure for fertilizer, and water to obtain higher crop yields

Question 12

Polyculture

Answer 12

grow several crops on the same plot simultaneously

Question 13

Slash and Burn Agriculture

Answer 13

involves burning and clearing small plots in tropical forests, growing a variety of crops for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients, and then shifting to other plots to begin the process again

Question 14

Green revolution

Answer 14

using high-input industrialized agriculture

to increase crop yields

Question 15

Fishery

Answer 15

is a concentration of particular aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water

Question 16

Aquaculture

Answer 16

the practice of raising marine and freshwater fish in freshwater ponds or underwater cages in coastal or open ocean waters

Question 17

Soil Erosion

Answer 17

is the movement of soil components,
especially surface litter and topsoil, from
one place to another by the actions of wind and water.

Question 18

Desertification

Answer 18

occurs when the productive potential of topsoil falls by 10% or more because of a combination of prolonged drought and
human activities such as overgrazing and deforestation that reduce or degrade topsoil

Question 19

Salinization

Answer 19

Repeated applications of irrigation water in dry climates lead to the gradual accumulation of salts in the upper soil layers

Question 20

Waterlogging

Answer 20

in which water accumulates underground and gradually raises the water table, especially when farmers apply large amounts of irrigation water in an effort to leach salts deeper into the soil

Question 21

Pest

Answer 21

any species that interferes with human welfare by competing with us for food, invading lawns and gardens, destroying building materials, spreading disease, invading ecosystems, or simply being a nuisance

Question 22

Pesticides

Answer 22

chemicals used to kill or control populations of organisms that we consider undesirable

Question 23

Integrated Pest Management

Answer 23

each crop and its pests are evaluated as parts of an ecological system. Then farmers
develop a carefully designed control program that uses a combination of cultivation, biological, and chemical tools and techniques, applied in a coordinated process tailored to each situation

Question 24

Soil Conservation

Answer 24

involves using a variety of methods to reduce topsoil erosion and to restore soil
fertility, mostly by keeping the land covered with vegetation

Question 25

Organic Fertilizer

Answer 25

from plant and animal materials

Question 26

Manufactured Inorganic Fertilizer

Answer 26

produced from various minerals, which are mined from the earth’s crust

Question 27

Animal Manure

Answer 27

the dung and urine of cattle, horses,

poultry, and other farm animals

Question 28

Green Manure

Answer 28

consists of freshly cut or growing green vegetation that is plowed into the topsoil to increase the organic matter and humus available
to the next crop

Question 29

Compost

Answer 29

produced when microorganisms in topsoil break down organic matter such as leaves, crop residues, food wastes, paper, and wood in the presence of oxygen

Question 30

Food security

Answer 30

all or most of the people in the country have daily access to enough nutritious food to live active and healthy lives