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A&P > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the difference between the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS brain and spinal cord, PNS everything that projects out of the spinal chord

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2
Q

neural tube

A

gives rise to three primary brain vesicles

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3
Q

The three primary brain vesicles

A

Fore brain, mid brain and the hind brain

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4
Q

Cerebrum

A

cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

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5
Q

Diencephalon

A

(thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina

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6
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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7
Q

Forebrain

A

Giving rise to telencephalon diencephalon

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8
Q

Midbrain

A

Gives rise to the mesencephalon –> brain stem (midbrain)

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9
Q

The hind brain

A

Pons, medulla oblongata hindbrain also gives rise to the cerebellum

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10
Q

Telencephalon

A

cerebrum (two hemispheres with

cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei)

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11
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus,

epithalamus

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12
Q

Mesencephalon

A

brain stem (midbrain)

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13
Q

Metencephalon

A 
brain stem (pons) and
cerebellum
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14
Q

Myelencephalon

A 
brain stem (medulla
oblongata)
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15
Q

Adult brain regions

A
  1. Cerebral hemispheres
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
  4. Cerebellum
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16
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter

40% of the mass of the brain, site of conscious mind

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17
Q

The three types of functional areas are:

A

Motor areas, Sensory areas, Association areas

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18
Q

Motor areas—

A

control voluntary movement

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19
Q

Sensory areas

A

conscious awareness of sensation

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20
Q

Association areas

A

—integrate diverse information

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21
Q

The three types of functional areas are

A 
1. Motor areas—control voluntary
movement
2. Sensory areas—conscious awareness of
sensation
3. Association areas—integrate diverse
information
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22
Q

Lateralization

A

Division of labor between hemispheres

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23
Q

Pineal gland—

A

extends from the posterior border

and secretes melatonin

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24
Q

Melatonin

A

helps regulate sleep-wake cycles

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25
Q

What are the three regions of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
– Pons
– Medulla oblongata

26
Q

Fibers of the pons

A

Connect higher brain centers and the
spinal cordn Relay impulses between the motor cortex
and the cerebellum

27
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Joins spinal cord at foramen magnum
Forms part of the central wall of the fourth ventricle.

• Autonomic reflex centers (cardiac & respiratory)

28
Q

Cardiovascular center (medulla oblongata)

A

Cardiac center adjusts force and rate of
heart contraction ; adjusts blood vessel
diameter for blood pressure regulation

29
Q

Respiratory centers (medulla oblongata)

A

Control rate and depth of breathing, with

pontine centers

30
Q

Additional centers (medulla oblongata) regulate

A

Vomiting, Hiccupping , Swallowing,

Coughing, Sneezing

31
Q

The Cerebellum

A

11% of brain mass
• Dorsal to the pons and medulla
• Subconsciously provides precise timing and
appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction

32
Q

Cognitive Function of the Cerebellum

A

Recognizes and predicts sequences of events

during complex movements. Plays a roll in no motor functions such as word association and puzzle solving.

33
Q

Brain Waves

A

Patterns of neuronal electrical activity

34
Q

Spinal Cord Trauma

A 
Functional losses
– Parasthesias
• Sensory loss
– Paralysis
• Loss of motor function
35
Q

Transection

A

Cross sectioning of the spinal cord at
any level Results in total motor and sensory loss in
regions inferior to the cut; a higher
transection = more motor loss

36
Q

Paraplegia—

A

transection between T1 and

L1

37
Q

Quadriplegia

A

transection in the cervical region

38
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Destruction of the ventral horn motor neurons by

the poliovirus Muscles atrophy

39
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

Also called Lou Gehrig’s disease Involves progressive destruction of ventral horn
motor neurons and fibers of the pyramidal tract

40
Q

Developmental Aspects of the CNS

A

CNS is established during the first month of
developmentMaternal exposure to radiation, drugs (e.g., alcohol and opiates), or infection can harm the developing
CNS

41
Q

Left hemisphere of the brain

A

Controls language, math, and logic

42
Q

Right hemisphere of the brain

A

Insight, visual-spatial skills, intuition, and

artistic skills

43
Q

Left and right hemispheres of the brain

A

communicate via fiber tracts in the cerebral white matter

44
Q

Ventricles of the Brain

A

Connected to one another and to the central canal

of the spinal cord Lined by ependymal cells Contain cerebrospinal fluid

45
Q

Functions of Basal Nuclei

A

Influence muscular control
– Help regulate attention and cognition
– Regulate intensity of slow movements
– Inhibit unnecessary movements

46
Q

Diencephalon three paired structures

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

47
Q

Thalamic Function

A

Gateway to the cerebral cortex Sorts, edits, and relays information, mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical
arousal, learning, and memory

48
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle autonomic control center for many visceral

49
Q

Epithalamus

A

Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms

roof of the third ventricle

50
Q

Brain waves shown in EEGs fall into

four general classes

A

Change with age, sensory stimuli, brain disease, and the

chemical state of the body.

51
Q

Epileptic Seizures

A

A victim of epilepsy may lose consciousness, fall

stiffly, and have uncontrollable jerking Epilepsy occurs in 1% of the population

52
Q

Protection of the Brain
Hydrocephalus in a Newborn
Blood-Brain Barrier: Functions

A

Helps maintain a stable environment for the brain Separates neurons from some bloodborne
substances

53
Q

Selective barrier

A

Allows nutrients to move by facilitated
diffusion allows any fat-soluble substances to pass,
including alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics

54
Q

What are the three functions of the spinal chord?

A

Location, functions, protected by bone, meninges, and CSF

55
Q

Location (spinal cord)

A

Begins at the foramen magnum ends at L1 vertebra

56
Q

Functions (spinal cord)

A

Provides two-way communication to and

from the brain

57
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

58
Q

Cervical and lumbar enlargements

A

The nerves serving the upper and lower

limbs emerge here

59
Q

Cauda equina

A

The collection of nerve roots at the

inferior end of the vertebral canal

60
Q

The neurological examination

A

Unique test in clinical medicine performed to assess the function of the different components and localize a lesion in the CNS or PNS

61
Q

Cerebral dominance

A

Designates the hemispere dominant for language (left hemisphere in 90% of people)

62
Q

Brain stem

A

Similar structure to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei.
Controls automatic behaviors necessar for survival
Associated with 10/12 pairs of cranial nerves

A&P (9 decks)

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