chapter 12

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

examines the biological, physical, psychological and behavioural changes that can occur throughout life

Question 2

debates

Answer 2

1- Nature vs nurture
2- Sensitive vs critical periods
3- Continuity vs discontinuity
4- Stability vs change

Question 3

Prenatal development:

3 stages

Answer 3

1-	Germinal stage: 
-	First two weeks of development 
-	Sperm fertilizes the egg
-	Cell division 
2-	Embryonic stage
-	Cell mass now embryo develops from the end of week two to the beginning of week 8
-	Placenta and umbilical cord develop 
3-	Foetal stage 
-	9 weeks after contraception until birth 
-	foetus attains the age of viability

Question 4

what affects genetics and sex determination:

Answer 4

• the Y chromosome contains the TDF gene that triggers male sexual development
• TDF initiates the development of the testis is at about week 8
• Testes secrete androgens which further male development
• If the TDF gene is absent then in the prenatal critical development stage the testes will not develop and inherit female pattern of organ development ensues

Question 5

Teratogens

Answer 5

• cause abnormal prenatal development

Question 6

Maturation

Answer 6

the genetically programmed biological processes that govern our growth

Question 7

Cephalocaudal principal

Answer 7

reflects the tendancy fro development to proceed in a head to foot direction

Question 8

Proximodistal principal

Answer 8

states that development begins along the innermost parts of the body and continues to the outer most parts

Question 9

Piaget

Answer 9

• Children’s thinking changes qualitivley with age as a results of the interaction between the brains biological maturation and personal experience
• Cognitive development occurs as children acquire new schemas and elaborate existing schemas

Question 10

Assimilation

Answer 10

• in the process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas

Question 11

Accommodation

Answer 11

is the process by which new experiences cause existing schemas to change

Question 12

Piagets 4 stages:

Answer 12

Stage 1: sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Stage 2: pre operational (2-7 years)
Stage 3: concrete operational (7-12 years)
Stage 4: formal operational (14+ years)

Question 13

Criticisms of Piaget:

Answer 13

• Children acquired knowledge before Piaget predicted
• Didn’t correlate with other cultures
• Cognitive development within each stage seem to proceed unevenly

Question 14

Theory of mind:

Answer 14

• Refers to a person’s beliefs about the ‘mind’ and the ability to understand other peoples mental states

Question 15

Erikson’s psychosocial theory:

Answer 15

• Each involving a different crisis over how we view ourselves in relation to other people and the world

Question 16

Erickson’s 8 psychosocial stages:

Answer 16

1-	Trust vs mistrust 
2-	Autonomy vs shame and doubt 
3-	Initiative vs guilt 
4-	Industry vs inferiority  
5-	Identity vs role confusion 
6-	Intimacy vs isolation 
7-	Generativity vs stagnation 
8-	Integrity vs despair

Question 17

Attachment

Answer 17

• Strong emotional bond that develops between children and their primary caregivers

Question 18

Bowlbys 3 phases:

Answer 18

1- Indiscrimination attachment
2- Discrimination attachment behaviour
3- Specific attachment behaviour

Question 19

An infants attachment becomes more focused two types of anxiety can occur:

Answer 19

1- Stranger anxiety: distress over contact with familiar people
2- Separation anxiety: distress from being separated from a primary care giver

Question 20

Ainsworth developed what

Answer 20

strange situation: a standardised procedure for analysing infant attachment

Question 21

Ainsworths 3 types of attachement

Answer 21

1- Anxious avoidant infant
2- Anxious resistant infant
3- Secure attachment

Question 22

Baumrind two key dimensions of parental behaviour

Answer 22

1- Warmth vs hostility

2- Restrictiveness vs permissiveness

Question 23

Authoritative parenting:

Answer 23

• Controlling but abit warm
• Stablish clear rules and reward compliance with love and affection
• Communication high expectations, concerns and support

Question 24

Authoritarian parenting:

Answer 24

• Exert control within a cold unresponsive or rejecting relationship
• • lower self esteem, less popular with peers and perform more poorly in school

Question 25

Neglectful parenting:

Answer 25

• provide neither warmth or guidance
• insecruly attached
• impulsive and aggressive
• disturbed peer relationships

Question 26

gender identity

Answer 26

a sense of femaleness and maleness that becomes a central aspect of ones personality identity

Question 27

gender constancy:

Answer 27

the understanding that being male or female is a fixed irreversible personal attribute

Question 28

Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning:

Answer 28

Level 1: pre-conventional morality
level 2: conventional morality
Level 3: post-conventional morality

Question 29

social emotional development:

identity statues:

Answer 29

identity diffusion
Foreclosure
Moratorium
identity achievement