Chapter 13

Question 1

Define Nociception:

Answer 1

specialized neurons, not just neurons with non-nociceptive thermoreceptors fire more action potentials.

Question 2

Pain sensations is initiated by

Answer 2

afferent fibers with free nerve endings (nociceptors)

Question 3

Nociceptors also arise from neurons

Answer 3

in dorsal root ganglia

Question 4

Nociception involves specialized neurons

Answer 4

not simply greater discharge of the neurons that responds to normal stimulus intensities

Question 5

Midterm Question: TRP channels allow an influx of ____ for generation of AP’s in nociceptive fibers.

Answer 5

sodium and calcium

Question 6

Dorsal columns contain sensory information such as

Answer 6

deep touch, propioception

Question 7

Anterolateral columns contain sensory information such as

Answer 7

pain, temperature

Question 8

What are the major differences between dorsal columns and anterolateral column?

Answer 8

locations of 2^* and crossing midline

Question 9

Column ascending location in the spinal cord in the dorsal column:

Answer 9

ipsilateral side of spinal cord

Question 10

Column ascending location in the spinal cord in the anterolateral column:

Answer 10

contralateral side of spinal cord

Question 11

Dissociated sentry loss:

Answer 11

because of the difference in the midline crossing site, a unilateral spinal cord lesion (at the lower thoracic region) results in dorsal column‐medial lemniscal symptoms (loss of tactile sensation and proprioception) on the side of the body ipsilateral to the lesion (same side), and anterolateral symptoms (deficits of nociception) on the contralateral side (the other side) of the body

Question 12

Midterm Question: Patient has pain in lower left side of their body and lost sensation in the right side. What is the diagnosis?

Answer 12

Deficits of nociception.

Question 13

Midterm Question: Which of the follow structures leads you to Primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 13

Anterolateral > ventral posterior lateral nucleus > primary somatosensory cortex

Question 14

Define Hyperalgesia:

Answer 14

following a painful stimulus associated with tissue damage, stimuli in the injury and surrounding areas that would ordinarily be perceived as slightly painful are perceived as significantly more so (e.g. increased sensitivity to temperature after a sunburn), resulting from both peripheral and central sensitization

Question 15

what two sensitizations come from hyperalgesia?

Answer 15

Peripheral sensitization + central sensitization

Question 16

Define peripheral sensitization:

Answer 16

results from the interaction of nociceptors with the inflammatory substances released by damaged tissue cells and immune cells

Question 17

Define central sensitization

Answer 17

activity‐dependent increase excitability of dorsal horn neurons

Question 18

Define allodynia:

Answer 18

induction of pain by a normally innocuous stimulus; resulting from inputs from low‐threshold mechanoreceptors to activate dorsal horn neurons (a type of central sensitization)

Question 19

Define neuropathic pain

Answer 19

a chronic, intensely painful experience because the afferent fibers or central pathways themselves are damaged (examples include diabetes, shingles, AIDS)

Question 20

The placebo effect:

Answer 20

descending systems modulate the transmission of ascending pain signals to control pain perception

a physiological response following the administration of a pharmacologically inert remedy

Question 21

How is the placebo effect generated?

Answer 21

A variety of high‐order brain regions send descending pathways to release endogenous opioids to modulate ascending pain signals.

Question 22

Substance P is a peptide neurotransmitter that helps

Answer 22

convey pain info

Question 23

Midterm Question: Which neurotransmitter generates placebo effect

Answer 23

endogenous opioids.