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Psychology > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

social psychology

A
  • how individual acts in different settings
  • social pressures
  • factors that influence behavior around others
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2
Q

define social physchology

A

the scientific attempt to understand and explain how the thought feeling, and behavior or individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others

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3
Q

the attribution theory

A
  • fritz Heider (1958)- Naive (common sense) psychology
  • attribution theory -> inferences we make about people’s behaviors
    • behavior is attributable to:
      - enduring traits (dispositional attributions)
      • situation (situational attributions)
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4
Q

fundamental attribution error:

A
  • overestimate personal traits
  • underestimate situation
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5
Q

napolitan & Goethals (1979)

A
  • everyone spoke with confederate
  • some participants told the woman would act as instructed
  • women’s behavior still viewed as personal disposition
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6
Q

societal influence

A
  • individualist cultures tend to view behavior as personal trait
  • collectivist cultures tend to view behavior as situational
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7
Q

self-serving attribution bias

A
  • view our own failures as situational
  • view our own successes as personal
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8
Q

consequences of attributions

A
  • mean person/ Bad day?
  • flirty conversation/ social obligation
  • frustrated with me/ frustrated in general
  • reasons for crime, poverty, life decisions?
  • perceptions of other drivers?
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9
Q

attitudes

A
  • feelings that influence reactions to objects, people, and events
  • tied to beliefs
  • attitudes sometimes drive actions
    • prior commitment
      • deeply held belief - chronically accessible or part of our self-schema
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10
Q

attitude changes lead to actions

A
  • persuasion against tanning
    • fact based
    • moderately fearful message
  • participants easily recalled information
  • 72% or participants tanned less after the intervention
    • only 16% tanned less in control group
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11
Q

attitude formation

A

central route: offers factual evidence and arguments
peripheral route: relies on uninformative cues (celebrity endorsements, desirable images)

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12
Q

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A
  • tendency to agree to building demands
  • small donations lead to large donations
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13
Q

freedman and fraser (1966)

A
  • install large “be a safe driver sign” in front yard?
    • 17% complied
  • install 3-inch-high sign
    • 76% agreed to larger version later on
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14
Q

cognitive dissonance

A
  • experience tension when we have inconsistent attitudes and action
  • neural activation similar to negative emotional experience
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15
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

(Leon Festinger)
- to reduce dissonance, we can
bring attitudes into alignment with actions
change actions (least likely to happen)
add in “consonant cognitions”

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16
Q

cognitive dissonance facts

A
  • our actions shape our attitudes
  • can lead to hypocrisy and bad behavior
    • continue unhealthy behavior
    • justify what we suffer for
    • justify cruelty
  • can help us improve our behavior
    • if down, act in ways that signal happiness
    • if frustrated, act in ways that signal patience
    • small actions build new attitudes
17
Q

social influences

A
  • “normal” behavior depends on social context
    • social status, ages, groups, etc.
  • culture: enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions
  • development of norms
    - rules for accepted behaviors
18
Q

social contagion

A
  • autonomic mimicry - mirror neurons
    • natural tendency to mirror actions around us
    • supports empathy, relatedness, agreement
19
Q

social contagion - chameleon effect

A
  • participants match behaviors of confederates (Chartrand and Bargh)
20
Q

social influences: conformity

A

mimicry is one form of conformity
- adjusting behavior to coincide with group standard
reasons for conformity
- informational
- normative
solomon Asch (1951) - more than 1/3 conformed to answer that was clearly wrong

21
Q

you more likely to conform when:

A
  • feel insecure
  • outnumbered in a group (3 or more)
  • everyone else agrees
  • have not made a prior decision
  • feel observed
  • admire some aspect of the group
22
Q

normative social influence

A
  • conform to avoid rejection, gain approval
  • need for belonging
  • danger of ostracism
23
Q

informational social influence

A
  • conform because its the accurate choice
  • “those who never retract their opinions love themselves more than the truth” - Joseph Joubert
24
Q

social influences: obedience

A

Stanley Milgram’s Studies
- more than 60% in one study obeyed to the full amount of shock
Highest obedience when:
- experimenter is close and viewed as a true authority
- when the authority is tied to powerful institutions
- victims are distanced
- no role models for defiance

25
Q

lessons learned about obedience

A

social influences are strong (obedience, conformity)
- we are susceptible to false information, false beliefs, harmful attitudes
- influence starts with incremental change

26
Q

social influences: group behavior

A

performance on tasks is altered by presence of others
- social facilitation: presence of others can boost performance, relates to emotion lecture, interpretation of arousal, amplifies most likely outcome (good or bad)
- social inhibition: presence of others can inhibit/weaken performance, evaluation apprehension, most likely for difficult or new behaviors

27
Q

social loafing

A
  • less effort given if others are involved
  • individuals feel less accountable
  • view own contributions as dispensable
  • hope to achieve from other’s efforts
28
Q

deindividuation

A
  • uninhibited behavior due to presence of others
  • excitement of group behavior + anonymity
  • leads to unusual or uncharacteristic behavior
  • “mob mentality” - e.g., soccer riots
29
Q

group polarization

A
  • growing intensity of group’s stance through discussion
  • like-minded people enhance each other’s beliefs
  • can amplify support to those in need or amplify negative viewpoints
  • can be polarized in virtual groups as well
30
Q

groupthink

A
  • harmony of group cohesion without realistic appraisal of alternatives
  • gaining comfort with unanimous agreement
  • avoided when group contains opposition of opinion
31
Q

bystander effect

A

bystanders less likely to help in the presence of others

32
Q

darley and latane (bystander theory):

A
  • must first notice the incident
  • interpret the presence of an emergency
  • assume responsibility for helping
33
Q

latane and Bards theory

A
  • across 1497 elevator rides in 3 cities
  • researchers dropped coins/pencils in front of 4813 people
  • 40% helped if they were alone, 20% helped in the presence of 5 others
34
Q

contributions to helping:

A
  • in need
  • similar to you
  • woman
35
Q

when we are most likely to help and not be a bystander

A
  • if we saw someone else help
  • if we are not in a hurry
  • if we are in a small town/ rural environment
  • if we are in a good mood

Psychology (14 decks)

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