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Exam 3: Microbiology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogenicity

A

the ability of microorganisms to cause infection and disease

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2
Q

Virulence

A

the degree to which a microbe can invade and damage host tissues

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3
Q

True Pathogens

A

able to cause disease in a normal healthy host with intact immune defenses

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4
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

can cause disease only in persons whose host defenses are compromised by predisposing conditions

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5
Q

Microbes typically enter the body through a specific…

A

Portal of entry

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6
Q

Infectious Dose

A

the minimum number of microbes needed to produce an infection

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7
Q

Microbes attach to the host cell, a process known as…

A

adhesion

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8
Q

Exoenzymes

A

digest epithelial tissues and permit invasion of pathogens

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9
Q

Toxigenicity

A

microbes capacity to produce toxins at the site of multiplication

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10
Q

Long-term damages to host cells are referred to as…

A

Sequelae

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11
Q

Carriers

A

individuals who inconspicuously shelter a pathogen and spread it to others

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12
Q

Vectors

A

animals that transmit pathogens

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13
Q

Asymptomatic

A

an infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue

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14
Q

Passive Carrier

A

persons who mechanically transfer a pathogen without ever being infected by it. EX: health care workers who don’t wash their hands adequately between patients

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15
Q

Biological Vector

A

transport an infectious agent and plays a role in the life cycle of a pathogen, serving as a site for it to multiply or complete its life cycle. EX: Mosquitoes

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16
Q

Mechanical Vectors

A

not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transport it without being infected

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17
Q

Incubation Period

A

the period of time from the initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms

18
Q

Prodromal Stage

A

the earliest notable symptoms of infection appear as a vague feeling of discomfort, such as head muscle aches, fatigue, upset stomach, general malaise. It is a short period and lasts 1-2 days

19
Q

Period of Invasion

A

infectious agent multiples at high levels, exhibits greatest toxicity, and becomes well established in target tissues

20
Q

Convalescent

A

the patients strength and health gradually return as the immune response begins to clear the infectious agent and restore normal function to damaged tissues

21
Q

Exogenous

A

originating from a source outside the body such as the environment or another person or animal

22
Q

Endogenous

A

already existing on or in the body from microbiota or a latent infection

23
Q

Antiphagocytic Factors

A

type of virulence factor used by some pathogens to avoid phagocytes

24
Q

Direct Contact Transmission

A

Person to Person
Animal
Environment
Vertical (mother to child)

25
Q

Indirect Contact Transmission

A

Airborne
Vehicle
Vector Biological (mosquito bite)
Vector Mechanical (fly landing on dog feces and then the picnic lunch, it doesn’t have part of its life cycle in the vector)

26
Q

What does vehicle indirect constant transmission mean?

A

The pathogen is introduced to a host through contact with contaminated objects
EX: food-borne, contaminated needles, or contaminated water

27
Q

Stages of infections in order

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. prodromal stage
  3. period of invasion
  4. convalescent period
28
Q

Phases of infection & diseases

A
  1. entry
  2. adhesion
  3. invasion
  4. infection
  5. exit
29
Q

Examples of portals of entry

A

skin, GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract

30
Q

Examples of portals of exit

A

respiratory tract, salivary glands, skin cells, fecal matter, urogenital tract, blood

31
Q

Factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection

A
  • old age or extreme youth
  • genetic defects
  • surgery & organ transplants
  • organic disease: cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes
  • chemotherapy
  • physical & mental stress
  • other infections
32
Q

Characteristics of Exotoxins

A
  • low infectious dose
  • protein
  • both gram - & gram +
  • not stable
  • toxoid
  • protein is secreted
33
Q

Characteristics of Endotoxins

A
  • high infectious dose
  • lipids
  • more stable
  • gram - only
  • no toxoid
  • lysis (dies or divides)
34
Q

Examples of Signs

A

Fever, abscesses, swollen lymph nodes, tachycardia

35
Q

Examples of Symptoms

A

Chills, pain, nausea, malaise, headache, itching, weakness, sore throat

36
Q

Coagulase

A

enzyme that promotes blood clotting to form a protective layer around the pathogen

37
Q

Kinase

A

enzyme that breaks down blood clots to allow pathogens to spread out of clots that may trap them

38
Q

Collagenase

A

enzyme that breaks down collage
important protein
allows invasion of new host areas

39
Q

which toxin is not secreted but is released only after the cell is damaged or lysed?

A

endotoxins

40
Q

which toxin is secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissues?

A

exotoxins

Exam 3: Microbiology (4 decks)

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