chapter 13

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

as the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking and feeling and acting that characterise a person’s response to life situations

Question 2

Thoughts, feelings and actions are seen to reflecting an individuals personality type have 3 characteristics:

Answer 2

1- behavioural components of identity
2- internal rather than environmental factors
3- organisation and structure

Question 3

benefits of psychological theory’s:

Answer 3

1- provides a comprehensive framework within which known facts can be incorporated
2- allows us to predict future events with some precision
3- stimulates the discovery of new knowledge

Question 4

Freuds theory:

Answer 4

• unconscious part of the mind influences behaviour
• mental events may be conscious, pre conscious or unconscious
• preconscious: feelings, thoughts and images that we are unaware of in the moment but can be recalled
• conscious: mental events in current awareness
• unconscious mind: a dynamic realm of wishes, feelings and impulses that lies beyond our awareness

Question 5

freud divided personality into 3 levels

Answer 5

• the id, ego and superego

Question 6

id

Answer 6

• innermost core of personality, the only structure present at birth and the source of all psychic energy
• it exists totally within the conscious mind
• no direct contact with reality and functions in a totally irrational manner

Question 7

ego

Answer 7

• has direct contact with reality and functions primarily on a conscious level

Question 8

superego

Answer 8

• the moral arm of personality

- the traditonla values and ideals of family and society

Question 9

defence mechanisms:

Answer 9

unconscious mental operations that deny or sitory reality

Question 10

repression

Answer 10

the ego uses some of its energy to prevent anxiety arousing memories, feelings and impulses from entering our consciousness

Question 11

sublimations

Answer 11

impulses may be channelled into socially desirable and admirable behaviours

Question 12

What did Freud propose about children and stages

Answer 12

proposed that children pass through a series of psychosexual stages during which the ids pleasure seeking tendencies are focused on specific pleasure sensitive areas of the body the erogenous zone.

Question 13

3 stages (freud)

Answer 13

1- Oral stage: infants can primary satisfaction from taking in food and from sucking on a breast or other objects
2- Anal stage: pleasure becomes focused on the process of elimination
3- Phallic stage: derive pleasure from their sexual organs (Oedipus and electra stage)

Question 14

Carl Rodgers theory of self:

Answer 14

• Rodgers believed that forces that directed behaviour are within us and when they are not distorted or blocked by our environment they can be trusted to direct us towards self actualisation (the highest realisation of human potential)

Question 15

the self

Answer 15

An organised, consistent set of perceptions of an beliefs about oneself

Question 16

Positive regard:

Answer 16

• For acceptance, sympathy and love from others

Question 17

Unconditional positive regard:

Answer 17

• Communicates that the person is inherently worthy of love, regardless of accomplishments or behaviour

Question 18

Factors analysis:

Answer 18

• Is used to identify clusters of behaviour that are highly correlated with one another but not with behaviours in other clusters

Question 19

Mcrae and Costa

Answer 19

O- openness vs closed to experience 
C- conscientiousness vs lack of direction
E- extraversion vs introversion
A-agreeableness vs antagonism 
N- neuroticism vs emotional stability

Question 20

Esyencks extraversion stability model:

Answer 20

Personality could be understood in terms of only two basic dimensions introversion/extraversion and stability/instability

Question 21

Temperament

Answer 21

refers to an individual differences in emotional and behavioural styles that appear so early in life they are assumed to have a biological basis

Question 22

The social cognitive effect

Answer 22

combine the behavioural and cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experience

Question 23

Recicprical determinism

Answer 23

the person, the persons behaviour and the environment all influence one anothr in a pattern of two way casual links

Question 24

Rotter

Answer 24

Believed that two factors influenced the likelihood that we will engage in a particular behaviour
1- Expectancy
2- Reinforcement value

Question 25

Internal locus of control

Answer 25

(rutter) an expectancy concerning the degree of personal outcome we have in our lives

Question 26

Bandura

Answer 26

Self efficacy: their beliefs concerning their ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcomes 
Things that affect self efficacy: 
1-	Performance experiences 
2-	Observational learning 
3-	Verbal persuasion 
Emotional arousal

Question 27

Personality assessment:

Answer 27

• Interviews (structured)
• Behavioural assessment
• Remote behavioural sampling
• Personality scales
• Projective tests