Chapter 13 PK (Terms)

Question 1

European Economic Community

Answer 1

(EEC) an alliance formed in 1957 by six West European countries dedicated to developing common trade policies and reduced tariffs; it gradually developed into the larger European Union with the nations adopting the euro as their common currency

Question 2

European Union

Answer 2

Originally known as the European Economic Community, it was renamed the European Union in 1994; reduces tariffs and develops common trade policies to make European sustainable and support economic recovery with a larger European identity

Question 3

Marshall Plan

Answer 3

Huge US government initiative and economic recovery plan to aid in the post-World War II recovery of Western Europe that was put into effect in 1948; funneled $121 billion (our currency from 2017) into Europe to prevent a new depression by creating overseas customers for American industrial goods and to undermine European communist parties

Question 4

Great Leap Forward

Answer 4

Communist push for collectivization that created “people’s communes” and aimed to mobilize China’s population for rapid development, social equality, and collective living; it a second five-year plan implemented by Mao Zedong in 1958 that called for simultaneous growth in both agriculture and industry through reorganizing communes, however, it failed, which caused crop failure and starvation

Question 5

Warsaw Pact

Answer 5

A military alliance between the Soviet Union and communist states in Eastern Europe, created in 1955 as a counterweight to NATO; expressed the tensions of the cold war in Europe

The countries in it were the Soviet Union, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania, and Bulgaria

Question 6

Iron Curtain

Answer 6

The heavily fortified border between Eastern and Western Europe as a result of the alliances, specifically NATO and the Warsaw Pact

Question 7

Korean War

Answer 7

North Korean invasion of South Korea in 1950, China defended North Korea, America defended South Korea which resulted in a bitter three-year conflict eventually resulting in the split of the Korean Peninsula

Question 8

Vietnam War

Answer 8

Military efforts by South Vietnamese communists and the already communist North Vietnamese government to unify their country prompted massive American intervention; Vietnam bested the Americans as they were armed and supported by the Soviets and Chinese and willing to endure enormous losses

Question 9

Soviet-Afghan War

Answer 9

The Afghan government was overthrown by a military official who installed a Marxist government, but the government lacked the popular support of the Afghan people yet established close ties with the Soviet Union. When tribal groups revolted, the Soviet Union invaded. The Afghan guerrillas were provided aid and supplies by the American government. Finally, the Soviets withdrew their troops, and the Afghan communist regime collapsed

Question 10

Cuban Missile Crisis

Answer 10

Major standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba; the confrontation ended in compromise, with the USSR removing its missiles in exchange for the United States agreeing not to invade Cuba

Question 11

Indian National Congress

Answer 11

Also known as the Congress Party, the political party led by Mahatma Gandhi that succeeded in bringing about Indian independence from Britain in 1947

Question 12

Muslim League

Answer 12

Political group formed in response to the Indian National Congress in India’s struggle for independence from Britain; they argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a separate state called Pakistanis

Question 13

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Answer 13

Political leader of the Muslim league; advocated for new state called Pakistan

Question 14

Partition of India

Answer 14

The violent process of dividing colonial India into two countries: a Muslim Pakistan and a mostly Hindu India governed by a secular state

Question 15

Sukarno

Answer 15

Indonesia’s primary nationalist leader who sought to embrace and reconcile nationalism, Islam, and Marxism in his political order

Question 16

Deng Xiaoping

Answer 16

Leader of China from 1976 to 1997 whose reforms dismantled many of the distinctly communist elements of the Chinese economy, such as the collectivization of agriculture

Question 17

Mikhail Gorbachev

Answer 17

Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 whose efforts to reform the USSR led to its collapse

Question 18

Perestrokia

Answer 18

An economic program in the Soviet Union that paralleled aspects of the Chinese approach by freeing state enterprises from the heavy hand of government regulation, permitting small-scale private businesses, offering private farming, and welcoming foreign investment in joint enterprises

Question 19

Glasnost

Answer 19

Policy in the Soviet Union permitting a range of cultural and intellectual freedoms through newspapers and TV

Question 20

Miracle Year of 1989

Answer 20

Massive demonstrations, last-minute efforts at reforms, the breaching of the Berlin Wall, and the surfacing of new political groups, the highly unpopular communist regimes of former Soviet Union states were quickly swept away

Question 21

When was Israel created?

Answer 21

1948

Question 22

Iranian Revolution

Answer 22

1979 revolution that triggered a war with Iraq in the 1980s, posed a threat to Israel, and launched a rivalry for dominance with Saudi Arabia