Chapter 13 - Remote connection Flashcards
What is a T1 carrier?
A T1 carrier is a digital transmission system that operates at a data rate of 1.544 megabits per second (Mbps). It is commonly used for voice and data communication in telecommunications. T1 carriers provide 24 DSO channels, each operating at a speed of 64 kilobits per second (Kbps). This multiplexing of channels allows T1 to handle multiple simultaneous communications. T1 technology is widely used in North America and is a standard for many voice and data services, including phone lines, internet connections, and interconnecting private branch exchanges (PBXs) within business environments.
What is DS0?
A DS0 (Digital Signal level 0) channel is a basic digital communication channel with a data rate of 64 kilobits per second (Kbps). It is the fundamental building block in the T-carrier system, which is widely used in telecommunications. DS0 lines are typically used for voice communication, with one DS0 channel accommodating a single voice circuit. Multiple DS0 channels are combined to create higher-capacity T1 and T3 carriers, facilitating the transmission of multiple voice or data channels over a single physical connection in telecommunications networks. The DS0 channel has a sampling rate of 8000 Baud with a symbol size of 8 bits.
What are CSU/DSU?
CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) is a device used in telecommunications to connect a customer’s equipment to a digital communication line. The CSU handles the physical layer functions, ensuring proper electrical connection and standards compliance, while the DSU manages data formatting and implements higher-layer functions. Together, CSU/DSU devices prepare data for transmission over digital lines, such as T1 or T3 lines. They play a crucial role in providing a bridge between customer premises equipment and the digital network, ensuring proper interfacing and reliable communication.
What is SONET?
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) is a standardized telecom architecture for high-speed data transmission over optical fiber networks. Synchronous and reliant on precise timing, it optimizes bandwidth through multiplexing, accommodating various data rates (e.g., OC-3, OC-12). Operating fault-tolerantly, SONET ensures reliable, scalable communication, particularly in long-distance networks. Despite newer technologies, SONET remains crucial in telecommunications infrastructure.
What is STS?
The Synchronous Transport Signal (STS) is a key component in SONET networks. It defines standardized data rates, such as STS-1, STS-3, etc., each carrying synchronous payload data. STS-1, for instance, operates at 51.84 Mbps. These signals are multiplexed to form higher-capacity optical carrier levels (e.g., OC-3, OC-12). STS ensures synchronized data transmission over optical fiber networks, supporting reliable and scalable telecommunications.
What is a frame relay?
Frame Relay is a packet-switching technology used in wide area networks (WANs) for efficient data transmission. It operates at the data link layer and provides a streamlined, cost-effective solution for connecting multiple locations. Frame Relay uses virtual circuits to establish connections between endpoints, allowing for the efficient and shared use of network resources. It supports variable-size packets or frames, enhancing flexibility. Although its usage has declined with the advent of more modern technologies like MPLS, Frame Relay has historically been employed for data, voice, and video communication across geographically dispersed networks.
What is ATM?
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a telecommunications protocol used for high-speed data transmission. Operating at the data link layer, ATM breaks data into fixed-size cells (53 bytes), facilitating efficient switching and multiplexing. It supports various types of traffic, including voice, video, and data, making it versatile. ATM’s use of virtual circuits and asynchronous time-division multiplexing enables flexible and efficient network communication. Although its popularity has waned with the rise of other technologies, ATM laid the groundwork for aspects of modern networking.
What is MPLS?
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a protocol for efficient data packet forwarding in computer networks. It operates at the network layer, enabling the creation of virtual paths or tunnels that enhance packet routing. MPLS uses labels to quickly direct packets along predetermined paths, improving network performance and scalability. It supports various network technologies, making it versatile for service providers. MPLS is widely used in building Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), traffic engineering, and Quality of Service (QoS) implementations, contributing to optimized data transmission across modern networks.
What are the four part of an MPLS packet header?
Label, Experimental bit (Exp), Bottom of Label Stack (S) and Time To Live (TTL).
What does FEC means in MPLS?
In the context of MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), FEC stands for Forwarding Equivalence Class. An FEC represents a group of IP packets that are forwarded in the same manner, following the same path and treatment through the MPLS network. MPLS routers use labels to identify FECs, allowing for efficient and scalable packet forwarding based on common characteristics. FECs provide a way to classify and handle packets consistently, contributing to the flexibility and effectiveness of MPLS in optimizing data transmission across networks.
What does LSR means in MPLS?
In MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), LSR stands for Label Switching Router. An LSR is a network device that participates in the MPLS forwarding process. It is responsible for assigning and swapping labels on packets as they traverse the MPLS network. LSRs use labels to make forwarding decisions, enabling efficient and fast packet routing. They play a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of label-switched paths, contributing to the flexibility and performance optimization of MPLS in modern networking environments.
What does LER means in MPLS?
In MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), LER stands for Label Edge Router. An LER is a router situated at the edge of an MPLS network. It is responsible for assigning MPLS labels to incoming packets and removing labels from outgoing packets. LERs mark the entry and exit points of MPLS domains, interacting with non-MPLS networks. They play a crucial role in the initiation and termination of label-switched paths, connecting MPLS networks with conventional IP networks and contributing to the overall efficiency and functionality of MPLS in modern networking architectures.
What does LDP means in MPLS?
In MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), LDP stands for Label Distribution Protocol. LDP is a signaling protocol used by routers to exchange label mapping information. It facilitates the distribution of labels across an MPLS network, allowing routers to establish label-switched paths for efficient packet forwarding. LDP helps routers in the network to agree on the labels assigned to FECs (Forwarding Equivalence Classes), ensuring consistency in label assignment and enhancing the scalability and interoperability of MPLS in diverse networking environments.
What does PVC means in MPLS?
In the context of MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), PVC stands for Permanent Virtual Circuit. A PVC is a virtual communication path established between two specific locations in an MPLS network. Unlike a dynamic connection, a PVC is preconfigured and remains constant, providing a dedicated route for data transmission. PVCs contribute to network reliability and predictable routing, making them suitable for applications that require consistent and predefined paths, such as in certain types of telecommunication services.
What are the difference between PSTN and ISDN?
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) and ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) are both telecommunication technologies, but they differ in several key aspects.
PSTN:
1. Analog Transmission: PSTN primarily uses analog signals for voice communication.
2. Circuit-Switched: Calls in PSTN are established through dedicated circuits for the duration of the call.
3. Limited Data Support: PSTN is mainly designed for voice communication and has limited support for data transfer.
ISDN:
// 1. Digital Transmission: ISDN utilizes digital signals for both voice and data communication.
2. Circuit-Switched and Packet-Switched: ISDN supports both circuit-switched for voice and packet-switched for data.
3. Higher Data Rates: ISDN offers higher data transfer rates, supporting faster digital communication.
Both technologies have been used for voice and data communication, but ISDN, being a more advanced digital system, provides greater flexibility and higher data transfer capabilities compared to traditional analog-based PSTN.
