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PY100 Exam 3 > Chapter 13 (Weiten 10th Edition) > Flashcards

Chapter 13 (Weiten 10th Edition) Flashcards

First 65 cards from textbook after which from class notes and concept chart

1
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

View that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

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2
Q

Stress

A

Any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and tax one’s coping abilities

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3
Q

Why would minor hassles be related to health outcomes?

A

It may be because of the cumulative nature of stress

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4
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Initial evaluation of whether an event is 1) irrelevant to you 2) relevant but not threatening 3) stressful (Is the event stressful?)

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5
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

Evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with the stress (How stressful is the event?)

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6
Q

What are the four principal types of stress?

A

1) Frustration
2) Conflict
3) Change
4) Pressure

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7
Q

Frustration

A

Type of stress that is experienced whenever the pursuit of some goal is thwarted (i.e. traffic jams, difficult commutes, annoying drivers, failing to get promotion at work, losing a significant other)

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8
Q

Conflict

A

When two or more incompatible motivations or behavioural impulses compete for

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9
Q

What are the three types of conflict?

A

1) Approach-approach
2) Avoidance-avoidance
3) Approach-avoidance conflict

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10
Q

Approach-approach conflict

A

Where a choice must be made between two attractive goals

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11
Q

Among the three types of conflict, which is the least stressful?

A

Approach-approach conflict

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12
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

Where a choice must be made between two unattractive goals

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13
Q

Approach-avoidance conflict

A

Where a choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects

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14
Q

Among the three types of conflict, which is the most unpleasant and stressful?

A

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

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15
Q

Vaccilation

A

Going back and forth, beset by indecision

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16
Q

Life changes

A

Any substantial alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment

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17
Q

What were Holmes and Rahe’s two major contributions to psychology?

A

1) They led the way in exploring the idea that life changes represent a key type of stress
2) In 1967, they developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life change as a form of stress

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18
Q

What is the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?

A

A scale that assigns numerical values to forty-three major life events. These values are supposed to reflect the magnitude of the readjustment required by each change.

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19
Q

How is the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) used?

A

Respondents are asked to indicate how often they experienced any of the forty-three events during a certain time period (typically, the past year). The numbers associated with each checked event are then added. This total is an index of the amount of change-related stress that the person has recently experienced.

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20
Q

What do the studies using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and similar scales reveal?

A

People with higher scores tend to be more vulnerable to many kinds of physical illness and to many types of psychological problems as well

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21
Q

Who developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?

A

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe

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22
Q

What is the main criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?

A

A variety of critics have collected evidence showing that the SRRS does not measure change exclusively. In reality, it assesses a wide range of kinds of stressful experiences. Thus, we have little reason to believe that change is inherently or inevitably stressful.

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23
Q

Pressure

A

Involves expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way

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24
Q

What two varieties does pressure come in?

A

1) Pressure to perform

2) Pressure to conform

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25
Q

Who devised a scale to measure pressure as a form of life stress?

A

Weiten

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26
Q

What did research with Weiten’s pressure scale discover?

A

A strong relationship has been found between pressure and a variety of psychological symptoms and problems

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27
Q

What two studies provide evidence of the physiological effects of increased pressure?

A

1) A 15-year study of more than 12,000 nurses found that increased pressure at work was related to an increased risk for heart disease
2) Participants who reported that their pressure at work was much too high were almost 50% more likely to develop heart disease than subjects who experienced normal levels of pressure

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28
Q

Subjective cognitive appraisal

A

Personalized perceptions of of threat, which are influenced by familiarity with the event, its controllability, its predictability and so on

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29
Q

What are the three levels of reactions to stress?

A

1) Emotional responses
2) Physiological responses
3) Behavioural responses

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30
Q

What are three categories of common emotional responses to stress?

A

1) Annoyance, anger, and rage
2) Apprehension, anxiety and fear
3) Dejection, sadness and grief

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31
Q

How does resilience affect frequency of pleasant emotions?

A

The frequency of pleasant emotions correlated positively with a measure of subject’s resilience

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32
Q

What are three ways positive emotions promote resilience in the face of stress?

A

1) Alter people’s mindsets, broadening their scope of attention and increasing their creativity and flexibility in problem solving
2) Undo the lingering effects of negative emotions, and thus short-circuit the potentially damaging physiological responses to stress
3) Promote rewarding social interactions that help to build valuable social support and enhanced coping strategies

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33
Q

Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions

A

A model developed by Barbara Fredrickson to explain positive emotions in our minds and bodies, what their effects are, what the evolutionary reason is behind them and why studying them is so important for our well-being

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34
Q

What three physiological benefits are there to a positive emotional style?

A

1) Enhanced immune response
2) Protective against heart disease
3) Longevity

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35
Q

What are two studies that indicated that positive emotional lifestyle is associated with longevity?

A

1) Exploring the intensity of the players’ smiles from the photos of major league baseball players taken from the Baseball Register for 1952 found that the greater smile intensity predicted greater longevity
2) Looking at the use of positive words in the autobiographies of eighty-eight well-known, diseased psychologists suggested that a positive mentality was associated with greater longevity

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36
Q

What are four ways strong emotional arousal can interfere with efforts to cope with stress?

A

1) Interfere with attention
2) Interfere with memory retrieval
3) Impair judgement
4) Impair decision-making

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37
Q

Inverted-U hypothesis

A

Predicts that task performance should improve with increased emotional arousal–up to a point, after which further increases in arousal become disruptive and performance deteriorates

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38
Q

Why is the idea of the inverted-U hypothesis referred to by that name?

A

When performance is plotted as function of arousal, the resulting graphs approximate an upside-down U

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39
Q

Optimal level of arousal for a task

A

Level of arousal at which performance peaks

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40
Q

How does the complexity of the task at hand affect the optimal level of arousal for the task?

A

As a task becomes more complex, the optimal level of arousal (for peak performance) tends to decrease

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41
Q

Who coined the term stress?

A

Hans Selye, a Canadian scientist

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42
Q

How did Selye explain stress reactions?

A

In terms of what he called general adaptation syndrome

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43
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

A model of the body’s stress responses consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance and exhaustion

44
Q

Alarm reaction

A

Occurs when an organism first recognize the existence of a threat: physiological arousal occurs as the body musters its resources to combat the challenge. Seyle’s alarm reaction is essentially the flight-or-flight response

45
Q

How did Seyle discover the stages of stress reactions?

A

Exposed laboratory animals to prolonged stress, similar to the chronic stress often endured by humans

46
Q

Stage of resistance

A

During this phase, physiological changes stabilize as coping efforts get under way. Typically, physiological arousal continues to be higher than normal, although it may level off somewhat as the organism becomes accustomed to the threat.

47
Q

Stage of exhaustion

A

According to Selye, the body’s resources for fighting stress are limited. If the stress can’t be overcome, the body’s resources may be depleted. Eventually, he thought, the organism would experience hormonal exhaustion, although we now know that the crux of the problem is that chronic over-activation of the stress response can have damaging physiological effects on a variety of organ systems

48
Q

According to Selye, what can the harmful physiological effects due to chronic over-activation of the stress response lead to?

A

Diseases of adaptation

49
Q

How many pathways along which does the brain send signals to the endocrine system?

A

Two

50
Q

What is the structure that initiates action along the two pathways?

A

Hypothalamus

51
Q

Endocrine system

A

Consists of glands located at various sites in the body that secrete chemicals called hormones

52
Q

What subdivision of the nervous does the process leading to secretion of catecholamines?

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

53
Q

What structure activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

What needs to be stimulated to release large amounts of catecholamines into the bloodstream?

A

Central part of the adrenal glands (the adrenal medulla)

55
Q

What is the net result of catecholamine elevation?

A

Your body is mobilized for action

56
Q

What are six physiological changes produced by the secretion of catecholamines?

A

1) Increased cardiovascular response
2) Increased respiration
3) Increased perspiration
4) Increased blood flow to active muscles
5) Increased muscle strength
6) Increased mental activity

57
Q

What organ and system are most involved in the secretion of corticosteroids?

A

Brain and the endocrine system

58
Q

What two steps lead to the secretion of catecholamines?

A

1) Hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division of the ANS
2) Sympathetic preganglionic neurons stimulate the central part of the adrenal glands (the adrenal medulla) which releases large amounts of catecholamines into the bloodstream
(Summary: hypothalamus–> autonomic nervous system–> adrenal medulla–> secretion of catcholamines)

59
Q

What steps lead to the secretion of corticosteroids?

A

1) Hypothalamus sends signals to the so-called master gland of the endocrine system, the pituitary gland
2) Pituitary secretes a hormone (ACTH) that stimulates the outer part of the adrenal glands (the adrenal cortex) to release corticosteroids
(Summary: hypothalamus–> pituitary gland–> adrenal cortex–> secretion of corticosteroids)

60
Q

What is the net result of corticosteroids being released?

A

Stimulate the release of chemicals that:

1) Help increase your energy
2) Help inhibit tissue inflammation in case of injury

61
Q

What are three physiological changes produced by the secretion of catecholamines?

A

1) Increased protein and fat mobilization
2) Increased access to energy storage
3) Decreased inflamation

62
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Formation of new neurons, primarily in key areas of the hippocampus

63
Q

What is an example of a ramification the capacity of stress to hinder neurogenesis has?

A

Suppressed neurogenesis may be a key cause of depression

64
Q

Coping

A

Efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress

65
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events

66
Q

What are four unhealthy methods of coping with stress?

A
  1. Giving up
  2. Blaming oneself
  3. Aggression
  4. Indulging oneself
67
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of defensive coping?

A

+: Protects against emotional distress

-: Self-deception and avoidance

68
Q

What are the benefits of small positive illusions?

A

Can be adaptive for mental health

69
Q

Constructive coping

A

Relatively healthful efforts to handle the demands of stress

70
Q

Psychosomatic

A

Real illness caused or aggravated by a mental factor such as internal conflict or stress

71
Q

What disease has the Type A personality been identified as a contributing factor to?

A

Coronary heart disease

72
Q

What does research suggest is the most toxic element of Type A syndrome?

A

Hostility

73
Q

What does research suggest strong emotional reactions can precipitate?

A

Heart attacks

74
Q

What might the association between stress and vulnerability to many diseases reflect?

A

Negative impact of stress on immune function

75
Q

What three elements does Type A personality include?

A

1) A strong competitive orientation
2) Impatience and time urgency
3) Anger and hostility

76
Q

What four characteristics is Type B personality marked by?

A

Relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing and amicable behaviour

77
Q

Why is the correlation between stress and illness only modest in strength?

A

Stress is only one of many factors that influence health

78
Q

What are four factors that influence risk of illness?

A
  1. Aspects of personality
  2. Physiology
  3. Memory (e.g. neuroticism)
  4. High stress
79
Q

What are three benefits of social support?

A
  1. Buffers the impact of stress
  2. Promotes physical health
  3. Promotes psychological health
80
Q

What is the difference between Asians and Americans in terms of the types of social support they prefer?

A

Asians prefer implicit social support whereas Americans prefer explicit social support

81
Q

Explicit social support

A

Overt emotional solace and instrumental aid from others

82
Q

Implicit social support

A

The comfort comes from knowing one has access to close others who will be supportive

83
Q

What two personality traits appear to promote health?

A

1) Optimism

2) Conscientiousness

84
Q

Stress-is-enhancing mindset

A

View of stress as an invigorating challenge and opportunity for growth

85
Q

What does research on resilience suggest about stress?

A

Suggests that stress can promote personal growth, self-improvement and other benefits

86
Q

Why do smokers have much higher mortality rates than nonsmokers?

A

Smoking elevates the risk for a wide range of diseases, including lung cancer and heart disease

87
Q

What is the long-term success rate for giving up smoking?

A

Less than 25%

88
Q

What effects do moderate versus heavy drinking have on physical health?

A

Moderate drinking may offer some protection against cardiovascular disease, but heavy consumption clearly increases one’s risk for a host of diseases

89
Q

What effect does recreational drug use have on people’s vulnerability to various types of illnesses?

A

Elevates people’s vulnerability to various types of illnesses

90
Q

What effect does regular exercise have on longevity?

A

Increased longevity

91
Q

What three physical benefits does physical fitness have on physical health?

A

Can reduce vulnerability to:

1) Deadly cardiovascular diseases
2) Obesity-related problems
3) Chronic inflammation

92
Q

How is AIDS transmitted?

A

Through person-to-person contact involving the exchange of bodily fluids, primarily semen and blood

93
Q

What are three reasons people procrastinate seeking treatment?

A

1) They worry about looking silly
2) They worry about bothering their physician
3) They are reluctant to disrupt their plans

94
Q

What is the biggest problem in regards to treatment seeking?

A

The common tendency to delay the pursuit of needed treatment

95
Q

What are three barriers to effective provider-patient communication?

A

1) Short visits
2) Overuse of medical jargon
3) Patients’ reluctance to challenge physicians’ authority

96
Q

What are four reasons for non-adherence to advice from health providers?

A

1) Forgetting
2) Failure to understand instructions
3) If a prescribed regimen is unpleasant or difficult to follow
4) Negative attitudes towards their health providers

97
Q

What does Ellis emphasize?

A

The importance of reappraising stressful events and reducing unrealistic appraisals of stress by learning to detect catastrophic thinking and dispute the irrational assumptions that cause it

98
Q

Catastrophic thinking

A

Involves unrealistically pessimistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one’s problems

99
Q

What are three benefits of humour?

A
  1. Dampen stress appraisals
  2. Increase positive emotions
  3. Enhance social support
100
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

Looks at the interaction between the brain, the body and the immune system

101
Q

Acute stress

A

Immediately arousing and motivating

102
Q

Chornic stress

A

When arousal doesn’t really let up, prolonged problem that causes more stress

103
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Things that are not correlated until you are made to notice them

104
Q

What is telomere length indicative of?

A

Cellular longevity

105
Q

Telomere

A

Protective caps on chromosomes that serve as a biomarker of stress

106
Q

Do those under chronic stress have shorter or longer telomeres?

A

Shorter

PY100 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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