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Psychology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A
  • set of characteristics an individual possesses that influence his or her thinking and behavior
  • throughout history, there have been many attempts to classify and understand personalities
    • most of these are useless or even problematic
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2
Q

Personality types

A
  • many modern-day claims of “personality types” are also useless and sometimes dangerous
  • always look to the science, not “pop psychology”
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3
Q

Freudian theory

A
  • Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)
    • developed the theory of psychoanalysis
    • the theory of conscious versus unconscious
    • the use of free association
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4
Q

Psychoanalysis

A
  • personality results from internal conflict
    • libido -> life instinct
    • Thanatos -> death instinct
      Three components of personality:
      Id: “pleasure principle”
      Ego: fulfill goals of Id within limits of reality
      Superego: incorporate rules and behaviors deemed acceptable
      “Moral Agent: stressing the ideal
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5
Q

Psychoanalysis -> realization

A
  • If id gets what it wants -> superego is upset -> ego employs “ego defense mechanisms”
    Example: rationalization
    Making excuses for why we behaved badly
    - “i had to go out drinking, my bestie needed me”
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6
Q

Rationalization

A

Making intellectual excuses for unacceptable behavior
Example: “everyone cheats if they get the change”

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7
Q

Repression

A

Suppression of socially unacceptable desires
Example: denying interest in money or popularity

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8
Q

Projection

A

Thinking others have your unacceptable desires
Example: perceiving a woman rival as promiscuous

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9
Q

Displacement

A

Redirecting desires from an unacceptable object to an acceptable one
Example: a husband dating on his wife while desiring another woman

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10
Q

Sublimation

A

Redirecting energy from an unacceptable behavior to an acceptable one
Example: working out your aggressive feelings on the soccer field

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11
Q

Reaction formation

A

Acting exactly the opposite of your (unacceptable) desires
Example: avoiding any contact with the opposite sex

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12
Q

Regression

A

Reverting to immature behavior that would have been appropriate at a younger age
Example: having a temper tantrum

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13
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to see one’s own weaknesses
example: “I never get angry!”

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14
Q

Psychosexual stages of development

A
  • Freud stressed family interactions are the source of psychosexual energy
    • the id focuses of specific erogenous zones of the body
    • each with major conflict that shaped later personality
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15
Q

What are the five psychosexual stages

A

Oral (0-18 months) -> pleasure centers on the mouth: sucking, biting, and chewing

Anal (18-36 months) -> pleasure focuses on bowel bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Phallic (3-6 years) -> pleasure zone is the genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings (Oedipus complex)

Latency (6 to puberty) -> dormant sexual feelings

Genital (puberty on) -> maturation of sexual interests

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16
Q

Oedipus complex

A
  • sexual desires for the mother an jealousy and hatred for the father (occurs in boys)
  • children’s coping:
    • Repress the desires
    • Incorporate parents’ values (identification)
  • relations with parents and caregivers influence the development of identity and personality
17
Q

Evaluation of Freud’s theory

A
  • not a credible theory
  • has no testable hypotheses
  • has little empirical support
  • has impacted their areas such as:
    - literature
    - art and music
    - popular media
    - historical analysis
18
Q

Examining the unconscious

A
  • projective tests
    • interpretation of ambiguous stimuli that supposedly trigger one’s inner self
      Examples:
    • Rorschach Inkblot Test
    • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
19
Q

Humanistic theories - Maslow’s self-actualization

A
  • view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
    • hierarchy of needs
    • goal is to reach full potential after meeting lower needs
20
Q

Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective

A
  • people are basically good
  • tend to reach our full potentials
    If three conditions are supported and met:
  • genuineness/congruence:
    • open and honest feelings, transparent
  • Acceptance:
    • unconditional positive regard, open in action regardless of failings
  • empathy:
    • sharing in others’ emotions
21
Q

Humanistic theories: self-concept

A
  • thoughts and feelings about ourselves
    - “Who am I”
  • laid the foundation for positive psychology
  • evaluation
    • vague
    • subjective
    • too much focus on individual’s impressions of themselves
22
Q

Modern approaches

A
  • no extreme focus on the unconscious
  • personality traits: aspects of behaviors that can be quantified
  • instead of explaining personality, modern focus is to describe
23
Q

Travis theories

A
  • describe the dimensions of personality
  • use of factor analysis to identify clusters of behaviors
  • Extraversion:
    • outgoing, need for excitement, sociable
    • tend to not enjoy shows, quiet activities
24
Q

Trait theories - extraverts

A
  • traits are genetically influenced
    Extraverts:
    • baseline brain arousal is relatively low
    • frontal lobe is less active than introverts
    • dopamine activity is higher in introverts
  • temperament, reactivity, anxiety also genetically influenced
25
Q

Trait theories -> introversion

A

Introversion:
- seek low level environmental simulation
- tend to be more sensitive:
- tend to have greater taste sensitivity
- tend to be more sensitive to social rejection

26
Q

Assessing traits -> personality inventories

A
  • personality inventories
    Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):
    • identify emotional disorders
    • identify personality traits
  • empirically derived through factor analysis
27
Q

The five-factor model

A
  • openness: experience seeking, open to new ideas
  • conscientiousness: self-disciplined, need for achievement
  • extraversion: outgoing, seek company of others
  • agreeableness: compassionate and cooperative
  • neuroticism: emotional instability
28
Q

Measurement -> NEO PI-R

A

NEO Personality Inventory, Revised Edition
- hundreds of statements,
e.g.,
- “I’m pretty set in my ways”
- “I like to have other people around me”

29
Q

Trait theories -> over time

A
  • traits tend to last over time
  • personality can be driven by a situation
  • person-situation controversy:
    • which is more influential?
    • trait scores don’t always predict behavior
    • do predict tendencies

Psychology (14 decks)

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