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ANSC212 Final > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

gonads

A

the organs that produce the gametes in males (testes) and females (ovaries)

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2
Q

Gametes

A

the germ cell of sexually reproducing species; small gametes are sperm and large gametes are ova.

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3
Q

Gametogenesis

A

production of mature gametes in the ovary or testis

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4
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatozoa production

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5
Q

oogenesis

A

the production of an ovum

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6
Q

androgens

A

steroid hormones structurally related to testosterone that control masculine features.

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7
Q

estrogens

A

a class of steroid hormones that act predominantly in females to stimulate reproductive maturation and control the reproductive cycle

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8
Q

Aromatase

A

an enzyme in steroid metabolism that converts androgens to estrogens

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9
Q

Gonadotropins

A

a hormone that regulates the activity of reproductive tissues; FSH and LH are the main gonadotropins in vertebrates, and allatotropin and allatostatin are the main gonadotropins in arthropods

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10
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

main regulator of gonadotropins (hypothalamic hormone)

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11
Q

Eclosion

A

the process whereby and adult insect emerges from its cocoon

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12
Q

Allatotropins

A

a neuropeptide hormone in arthropods that stimulates the corpus allatum to secrete juvenile hormone (JH)

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13
Q

Allatostatin

A

A neuropeptide hormone in arthropods that inhibits the corpus allatum from secreting juvenile hormone (JH)

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14
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

“virgin birth” a mode of asexual reproduction whereby offspring are produced by a female as a result of a variation on the meiotic pathway. Because meiosis is involved, chromosomal recombination is possible and the parthenogenic offspring are not clones of the parent

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15
Q

Automictic parthenogensis

A

production of offspring by a female in which the second polar body fuses with the ovum to produce a diploid offspring

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16
Q

Thelytoky

A

homogametic female (XX) produced females

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17
Q

arrhenotoky

A

heterogametic (WZ) females produce only males (ZZ)

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18
Q

Protogynous

A

female first then become male

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19
Q

Protandrous

A

Males first than become female

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20
Q

Pivotal temeprature

A

In an animal with environmental sex determination, it is a temperature at which equal numbers of males and females result

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21
Q

Oviparous

A

an animal that produces eggs that hatch outside the body

- fertilization can be external or internal

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22
Q

Viviparous

A

Animals use internal fertilization, and the young develop within the body
-fertilization internal

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23
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

demonstrates features of both ovipary and vivipary.
An animal that holds its eggs inside the body until the eggs hatch, and then releases active young.
-fertilization internal

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24
Q

Oogonia

A

after the primordial germ cell enters the ovary, it differentiates into an oogonium, which undergoes multiple rounds of mitosis before entering meiosis

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25
Q

Follicle

A

A multicellular unit composed of somatic tissue surrounding an ovum.

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26
Q

granulosa cells

A

the inner layer of somatic cells of a follicle that surround the primary oocyte

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27
Q

zona pellucida

A

a thickened glycoprotein extracellular matrix of a mammalian ovum; it bind the sperm to initiate the acrosomal reaction

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28
Q

Theca

A

the outer layer of somatic cells surrounding a follicle, separated from the inner granulosa cells by a basal lamina

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29
Q

Yolk

A

a deposit of lipid and protein (largely vitellin) associated with an ovum

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30
Q

vitellin

A

the dominant protein found in yolk produced from vitellogenin

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31
Q

vitellogenin

A

the major protein in the yolk of an egg

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32
Q

Chorion

A

the outer protein layer of an insect egg; the outer membrane of a vertebrate ovum

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33
Q

Leydig cells

A

a testosterone-producing cell interspersed in the interstitium of the testes.

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34
Q

Sertoli cells

A

elongated cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis that nourish the spermatids during spermatogenesis

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35
Q

epididymis

A

the structure where sperm mature and are stored in the vertebrate testis

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36
Q

vas deferens

A

the duct through which sperm are carried from the sites of synthesis in the epididymis to the ejaculatory opening

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37
Q

seminal vesicles

A

a pair of glands that store sperm and secrete nutrients and fluids that form the semen, emptying it into the vas deferens upon ejaculation.
-produce alkaline fluid with nutrients

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38
Q

prostate gland

A

a gland accessory associated with the reproductive tract of male vertebrates
-secretes nutrients, mainly citrate

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39
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

a mucus-secreting accessory gland of the male reproductive tract.
-secretes mucus as a lubricant

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40
Q

capacitation

A

a maturation step experienced by sperm after they encounter fluids from the female reproductive tract.

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41
Q

chemokinetic

A

an increase in nondirectional movement in response to the detection of a chemical (sperm movement)

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42
Q

chemotaxic

A

movement toward higher concentrations of a chemical (sperm movement)

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43
Q

delayed implantation

A

a reproductive strategy in which a fertilized ovum fails to implant in the uterus, thereby delaying embryonic growth until external conditions are favorable

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44
Q

estrous cycle

A

a reproductive cycle composed of four phases: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus

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45
Q

menses

A

in female mammals, the periodic shedding of the endometrial layer of uterine tissue that occurs if there is no implantation of a fertilized ovum; also known as menstruation.

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46
Q

atresia

A

the programmed cell death (apoptosis) of follicles other than the dominant follicle that matures during the ovulatory cycle

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47
Q

corpus luteum

A

the remnants of mammalian ovarian follicle that grown in size and becomes an endocrine organ that secretes hormones in support of embryonic development

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48
Q

myometrium

A

the smooth muscle layers of the uterus

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49
Q

endometrium

A

the innermost layer of the uterus composed of well-vascularized epithelial tissue

50
Q

parturition

A

the birthing process by which offspring of viviparous and ovoviviparous females are expelled from the reproductive tract

51
Q

Estrogens: Sexual maturation

A

Origin: Ovary

Main actions: secondary sex characteristics: promote fat deposition, maturation of ovaries and mammary glands

52
Q

Androgens: Sexual maturation

A

Origin: Ovary, adrenal gland

Main actions: Secondary sex characteristics: promote axillary hair growth and libido

53
Q

GnRH: Follicular phase

A

Origin: Hypothalamus

Main actions: Anterior pituitary: controls LH release, FSH synthesis and release

54
Q

LH: Follicular phase

A

Origin: Anterior pituitary

Main actions: Ovarian follicle: triggers ovulation

55
Q

FSH: Follicular phase

A

Origin: Anterior pituitary

Main actions: Ovarian follicle: stimulates estrogen synthesis and follicle maturation

56
Q

Estrogens: Follicular phase

A

Origin: ovarian follicle
Main actions: ovarian follicle: stimulate proliferation of granulosa cells
Endometrium: stimulate proliferation of endometrial cells, sensitization to progesterone, angiogenesis
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis: reduce gonadotropin levels by negative feedback

57
Q

Estrogens: Luteal phase

A

Origin: Corpus luteum
Main actions: Hypothalamus-anterior pituitary: inhibit GnRH release, reducing release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary to prevent folliculogenesis

58
Q

Progesterone: Luteal phase

A

Origin: Corpus luteum

Main actions: Uterus: promotes maturation of endometrium and reduces uterine smooth muscle contractility

59
Q

Inhibin: luteal phase

A

Origin: Corpus luteum

Main actions: Hypothalamus-anterior pituitary: impairs FSH synthesis and release

60
Q

Trophoblast

A

an outer layer of cells derived from the mammalian blastocyst that forms the interface between the fertilized ovum and the uterine wall.

61
Q

Androgens: Sexual maturation

A

Origin: Testes

Main actions: secondary sex characteristics: promote axillary hair growth, voice deepening, and libido

62
Q

GnRH: Spermatogenesis

A

Origin: Hypothalamus

Main actions: anterior pituitary: stimulates LH release, FSH synthesis and release

63
Q

LH: Spermatogenesis

A

Origin: Anterior pituitary

Main Actions: Leydig cells: stimulates androgen synthesis and release

64
Q

FSH: Spermatogenesis

A

Origin: Anterior pituitary

Main Actions: Sertoli cells: stimulates spermatogenesis

65
Q

Androgens: Spermatogenesis

A

Origin: Testes (Leydig Cells)

Main Actions: Sertoli cells: stimulate spermatogenesis

66
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Origin: Seminal Vesicles

Main actions: Uterus of mate: induce changes within the uterus that affect sperm motility

67
Q

Chorionic gonadotropin: Pregnancy

A

Origin: Placenta

Main actions: stimulates release of estrogen from corpus luteum

68
Q

Estrogens: Pregnancy

A

Origin: Placenta
Main actions: Mammary glands: stimulates proliferation of secretory cells but prevent milk secretion
Cervix: reduce mechanical resistance (ripens)
Uterus: stimulate uterine smooth muscle (blocked by progesterone)

69
Q

Progesterone: Pregnancy

A

Origin: Placenta
Main actions: Uterus: blocks estrogen’s stimulation of smooth muscle
Ovary: prevents ovulation

70
Q

Oxytocin: Parturition

A

Origin: Posterior pituitary

Main actions: Uterus: promotes smooth muscle contraciton

71
Q

Prostaglandins: Parturition

A

Origin: Placenta

Main actions: Promote smooth muscle contraction

72
Q

Prolactin: Parturition

A

Origin: Anterior pituitary

Main actions: Mammary glands: promotes growth and colostrum synthesis

73
Q

Oxytocin: Postpartum events

A

Origin: Posterior pituitary

Main actions: mammary glands: promotes smooth muscle contraction

74
Q

Prolactin: Postpartum events

A

Origin: anterior pituitary

Main actions: mammary glands: stimulates growth and milk synthesis

75
Q

Sexual reproduction

A 
production of offspring from two parents that contribute nearly equal amounts of genetic material
Elements: 
Sex determination
Gametogenesis
Mating
Fertilization
76
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Generates genomic variation at three levels

  • random assortment (haploid gametes from a diploid parent)
  • Recombination (crossing over) creates hybrid chromosomes
  • diploid offspring unique genetic combinations
77
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

testes produce small gametes (sperm)

78
Q

Oogenesis

A

ovaries produce large gametes (ova)

79
Q

epigenetics

A

genetic changes in gene activity that are heritable.

80
Q

Reproductive hormones

A
  • Negative (and positive) feedback controls
  • Hormone levels controlled by synthesis/degradation
  • Target tissues can alter number of receptors
  • other hormones also affect reproduction
81
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Come from cholesterol

-progestergins are degraded into other hormones

82
Q

Gonadotropins

A
  • protein hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland
  • control steroid hormone synthesis in gonads of vertebrates
  • FSH
  • LH
  • CG (chorionic gonadotropin, from placental cells) : independent of GnRH
83
Q

Sex Determination: Genotype

A

GSD:

  • mammals: presence of Y chromosome; heterogametic male (XY), homogametic female (XX)
  • Birds: heterogametic female (ZW); homogametic male (ZZ)
84
Q

Sex Determination: Environmental

A

ESD:

ex: temperature regulates sex outcome
- common in reptiles and some fishes
- temperature of embryo incubation alters sex of offspring
- temperature may affect hormone levels and/or expression of key genes during embryogenesis

85
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Advantageous for animals living in constant, stable environment or for those that colonize new areas

86
Q

Asexual reproduction: Clones

A
  • buds for from somatic tissue

- Allows single individual to produce a colony

87
Q

Asexual reproduction: Parthenogeneisis

A

Ova and the female reproductive system

-no male gamete required for fertilization, sometimes required for egg activation

88
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

capacity to produce eggs and sperm, or both, at some point

89
Q

Serial or sequential hermaphrodites

A

Change sex in response to environmental cues

90
Q

Simultaneous hermaphrodites

A

can produce eggs and sperm at the same time

91
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

where spermatozoa is produced

92
Q

Leydig cells

A

interstitial cells that produce testosterone

93
Q

Spermatogenic cells

A

spermatozoa in various stages of development

94
Q

Sertoli cells

A

fill gaps between spermatogenic cells and serve many purposes in spermatogenesis

95
Q

Sperm release

A

spermatids become spermatozoa (sperm)

  • nearly mature sperm that cannot “swim” released into the tubule lumen
  • sperm stored in epidiymis where they mature further and gain the capacity to swim
  • during ejaculation, sperm propelled by cilia or smooth muscle contractions along the vas deferens out the urethra
96
Q

exocrine glands

A

adds seminal fluid to sperm

  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral gland
97
Q

hemipene

A

appendages near the cloaca that help sperm transfer

98
Q

erection

A

changes in blood distribution change penis shape

  • combination of increase blood inflow and reduced venous return causes penis to engorge with blood
  • change in glow initiated by nerve signals form the CNS
99
Q

Baculum or gonopodium

A

bone within penis

100
Q

Sperm storage in females

A

store sperm after mating

-sometimes for very long periods of time

101
Q

Polyandry

A

females mate with many males

  • offspring may be from several males (sperm compete for fertilization)
  • female tract may play a role in which sperm fertilizes
102
Q

ovulation

A

follicle ruptures, and the egg escapes the ovary and moves into the coelom/peritoneum

103
Q

Vitellogenesis

A

Occurs in Oviparous, ovoviviparous vertibrates

  • yolk production (serves as nutrient for developing embryo in all animas except placental mammals
  • induced by follicle cell estrogens- binds to estrogen receptor in liver
104
Q

Egg structure

A

Placental (eutherian) and marsupial (metatherian): no eggshell
Terrestrial vertebrate embryos enclosed in a fluid-filled compartment
- Amnion

105
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost layer; gas exchange surface

106
Q

Amnion

A

surround embryo; contains fluid that acts as a cushion and provides favorable ionic and osmotic environment

107
Q

Allantois

A

Highly vasularized; delivers gases between embryo and outer surface layer; stores nitrogenous waste in birds and reptiles

108
Q

Yolk sac

A

Surround yolk and secretes digestive enzymes

109
Q

Monoestrous

A

single cycle of estrus each year

110
Q

Polyestrous

A

multiple cycles throughout the year

111
Q

Estrous cycle

A

sexual receptivity coincides with specific phase of cycle

-amount of uterine tissue lost minimal to moderate

112
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

sexual receptivity occurs at many phases of cycle

-mount of uterine tissue lost substantial

113
Q

Ovulatory Cycle

A

LOOK AT SLIDE

114
Q

Placenta

A

Interface between mother and fetus
-composed of cells derived from both

  • Outermost cells of blastula differentiate to form trophoblast (embryonic), which invades endometrium (maternal), forming an association that becomes the placenta
115
Q

Placenta: First Trimester

A

placenta secretes chorionic gonadotropin (CG) that causes the corpus luteum to continue secreting estrogens and progesterone

later in pregnancy: placenta produces estrogens and progesterone; and at parturition progesterone decreases and prostaglandins increase

116
Q

Altrical species

A

relatively short gestation

  • usually have large litters
  • young not fully developed when born
117
Q

Precocial species

A
  • relatively long gestation
  • fewer offspring
  • young fully developed when born
118
Q

Parturition

A

induced by contraction of smooth muscle (myometrium) of uterus

  • in response to hormonal changes
  • progesterone levels decrease
  • increase estrogens induce prostaglandins and oxytocin induce uterine myometrium - contractions
  • fetal cells produce oxytocin and cortisol that cause the placenta to release prostaglandins and begin the process
  • maternal posterior pituitary releases oxytocin
  • placenta expelled soon after birth
119
Q

Prolactin

A

peptide hormone released from anterior pituitary gland that controls milk production

  • increases mammary gland mass and ensures biosynthetic machinery in place
  • prolactin released due to increased estrogen during pregnancy

-High progesterone and estrogen suppress milk production during pregnancy

120
Q

Mammary gland structure

A

exocrine cells: secrete milk
Myoepithelial:
Control milk secretions

121
Q

Milk composition

A

source of water, salts, nutrients for infant

  • colostrum
  • as colostrum is depleted, milk is richer in lipids, carbohydrates (lactose), and protein (casein) produced
122
Q

Colostrum

A

earliest secretions

rich in immunoprotective agents, growth factors, minerals, and vitamins A and D

ANSC212 Final (3 decks)

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