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Medical Terminology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION of endocrine system

A

Pituitary gland•Thyroid gland•Parathyroid•Adrenal glands•Pancreas•Pineal and thymus glands•Ovaries and testes (part of reproductive and endocrine systems)

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2
Q

endocrine system

A

Consisting of endocrine (ductless) glands•Secretion of chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream•Control and integration of many bodily functions•Action of hormones on target organs to increase or decrease the target’s activity level Faster heart rate, sweaty palms when nervous•Monitoring and interpretation of and reaction to changes in the body and external environment to maintain

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3
Q

Tiny, pea-shaped structure at the base of the brain•Consists of an anterior and posterior lobe•Regulation of many body activities•Stimulation of other glands to secrete their own specific hormones•Effects of its hormones felt throughout the body•Produces many different hormones which effect different body systems

A

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

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4
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)Luteinising hormone (LH)Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)Prolactin (PRL)Growth hormone (GH)Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Anterior pituitary :

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5
Q

secretion of six hormones

A

Pituitary gland Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

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6
Q

regulates the production of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH

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7
Q

stimulates egg production in the ovaries or sperm production in the testes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),

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8
Q

also called somatotropin, which regulates growth of bones and other tissues

A

Growth hormone (GH),

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9
Q

stimulates production of sex hormones by the ovaries or testes

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH),

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10
Q

stimulates growth of breast tissue and milk production in females

A

Prolactin

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11
Q

regulates activity of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),

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12
Q

secretion of two hormones

A

Pituitary gland Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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13
Q

called vasopressin •Regulation of urinary output•Role in blood pressure regulation

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH

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14
Q

Inducement of labor in pregnant women by stimulating contractions in the uterus
Promotion of milk secretion from the mammary glands

A

Oxytocin

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15
Q

Two lobes on either side of the trachea

Secretion of three hormones

A

Thyroid gland

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16
Q

which regulates normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate (in conjuction with parathyroid hormone)

A

Calcitonin

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17
Q

which increases the rate of cellular metabolism

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

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18
Q

which increases the rate of cellular metabolism after being converted to T3 in the tissues

A

Thyroxine (T4),

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19
Q

Two pairs of pea-shaped organs located on the underside of the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid gland

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20
Q

Regulation of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate (in conjunction with calcitonin)

A

Secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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21
Q

Elongated organ located just below the stomach in back of the abdomen
Secretion of two hormones

A

Pancreas

22
Q

which removes glucose from the blood by promoting storage in tissues as carbohydrates when blood glucose levels are high

A

Insulin

23
Q

which stimulates the release of sugar from storage sites in the liver when blood glucose levels are low

A

Glucagon

24
Q

Small, pinecone–shaped organ located deep within the brain just behind the thalamus
Secretion of melatonin, which influences the maturation of sexual organs during puberty

A

Pineal gland

25
Q

Butterfly-shaped organ located between the lungs
Withering away during puberty, leaving adults with fat and connective tissue in its place
Secretion of thymosin, which plays a role in development of the immune response in infants

A

Thymus gland

26
Q

Functioning in the female reproductive and endocrine systems

Secretion of two female sex hormones

A

Ovaries

27
Q

which stimulates development of ova (eggs) and secondary sex characteristics

A

Estrogen (estradiol)

28
Q

which prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy

A

Progesterone

29
Q

Functioning in the male reproductive and endocrine systems
Secretion of male sex hormone testosterone
Responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics and sex drive
Necessary for sperm production
Maintenance of the reproductive organs in adult males

A

Testes

30
Q

Most common form of hyperthyroidism
Caused by oversecretion of hormones (T4 and T3) by the thyroid gland, in which elevated levels produce profound changes in the body’s physiological processes
More common in women than men

A

Graves Disease

31
Q 
Graves Disease (continued)
Signs and symptoms
A

Exophthalmos (See illustration.)
Elevated metabolic rate
Heat intolerance
Weight loss, fatigue, and muscle weakness

Enlarged thyroid, also called goiter (See illustration.)
Thyrotoxic crisis (storm), including many cardiac manifestations
Tachycardia
Arrhythmias
Heart murmurs
Cardiomegaly

32
Q 
Graves Disease (continued)
Treatment
A

Depending on patient’s age and the severity of the disease
Antithyroid agents to block hormone synthesis within the thyroid gland
Alteration in the structure of the thyroid gland through surgery or radioactive iodine therapy
Beta blockers in combination with one of the treatments listed above

33
Q

Caused by exposure to excess cortisol
Adrenal or pituitary problem
Long-term use of corticosteroids
More common in females

A

Cushing Syndrome

34
Q 
Cushing Syndrome (continued) 
Signs and symptoms
A

Central obesity with thin arms and legs
Fat pad on upper back (buffalo hump)
Round, “moon-shaped” face with acne and facial hair (See illustration.)

Secondary diabetes due to insulin resistance
Glucose intolerance due to stimulation of gluconeogenesis
Muscle wasting and thin skin with purple striae as a result of cortisol’s catabolic effect on tissues
Hypokalemia due to sodium retention and postassium loss in the urine

Catabolic effects on bone leading to osteoporosis, pathological fractures, and back pain from compression fractures of the vertebrae
Risk of infection due to anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions of cortisol
Mental status changes in about half of patients, from irritability to psychosis (sometimes referred to as steroid psychosis)

35
Q 
Cushing Syndrome (continued)
Treatment
A

Restoration of cortisol concentration to normal levels
Varied, according to etiology
Restoration of serum concentration of cortisol to normal levels
Surgery or radiation therapy to remove a tumor
Drugs or radiation to suppress adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion
Discontinuing or reducing corticosteroid drug use
High-potassium or low-sodium diet

36
Q

responsible for growth of bones, cartilage, and soft tissue
Synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
Hypersecretion of GH — two forms
Acromegaly, hypersecretion during adulthood
Gigantism, hypersecretion during childhood
Hyposecretion of GH — one form
Dwarfism, hyposecretion during childhood

A

Growth Hormone (GH) Imbalance

37
Q

GH Imbalance Signs and symptoms

A

Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
Fusion of growth plates at ends of long bones, which prevents person from growing taller
Widening and enlargement of facial features, jaw, hands, and feet

Gigantism
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood
Excessive growth of bones and tissues due to high level of GH
Height changes of up to 6″ in 1 year in children
Abrupt development, resulting in abnormally increased height

38
Q 
GH Imbalance (continued)
Treatment
A

Hyposecretion of GH
Drug therapy with growth hormone
Surgery if a tumor is the cause
Hypersecretion of GH
Drug therapy to suppress secretion of growth hormone
Surgery to remove an adenoma or radiation therapy to destroy the adenoma

39
Q

Group of metabolic diseases
Characterized by high glucose levels
Caused by defects in insulin secretion, action, or both
Two primary forms
Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus
Type 2 (non–insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetes Mellitus

40
Q

Chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia
Inability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin to properly control blood glucose levels
Most commonly diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults

A

Diabetes Mellitus type 1

41
Q

non–insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
Gradual onset that occurs in middle age, commonly in overweight patients (because fat interferes with the body’s ability to use insulin)
Characterized by high blood glucose levels that lead to a chronic, lifelong disease that requires medical management
Insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to sustain normal metabolism

A

Diabetes Mellitus type 2

42
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (continued)
Signs and symptoms
Type 1

A

Fatigue
Polyphagia, polyuria, and polydipsia
Unplanned weight loss
Blurred vision (common in hyperglycemic patients with polyphagia)
Diabetic ketoacidosis with loss of metabolic control (such as during periods of infection or noncompliance with therapy)

43
Q 
Diabetes Mellitus (continued)
Signs and symptoms (continued)
Type 2
A 
Commonly asymptomatic
Polyphagia, polydipsia, and polyuria
Frequent or slow-healing infections
Fatigue
Blurred vision (common in hyperglycemic patients)
44
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (continued)
Treatment
Type 1

A

Specialized diet and regular exercise
Intensive foot and eye care
Medications, including insulin to lower blood glucose levels

45
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (continued)
Treatment
Type 2

A

Calorie-restricted diet with regular aerobic exercise
Oral drugs
Increase pancreatic secretion of or cellular sensitivity to insulin
Decrease absorption of carbohydrates from the GI tract
Insulin injections (if combinations of oral drugs fail to regulate blood glucose levels)

46
Q

Rotation of multiple daily injections to several sites(See illustration.)

A

Insulin injection

47
Q

Absorption and effectiveness determined by injection site

A

Rapid absorption: abdomen and then upper arm and thigh areas
Slower absorption: subcutaneous fat and hip and buttock areas
No injection within 2″ of the navel

48
Q

Monitoring test of glucose levels in the blood (glycemia)
Self-monitoring, usually done before meals and at bedtime
Piercing of skin, typically on the finger, to draw blood
Application of blood to a test strip

A

Glucose testing with a glucometer

49
Q

Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery to excise the pituitary gland (See illustration.)
Transsphenoidal approach via the nose or just under the upper lip
Possible transfrontal craniotomy (entry through the frontal bone of the skull) to remove a large tumor

A

Hypophysectomy

50
Q

Use of a small pump device that delivers subcutaneous insulin
Typically worn on the abdomen or buttocks
Continuous delivery of insulin in small amounts via a tiny catheter with bolus doses added by pushing a button

A

insulin

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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