Chapter 14

Question 1

Consider the following statements:
1. The population of South Carolina is about 4.5 mil- lion people.
2. The annual homicide rate in the United States is 5.6 per 100,000.
3. Ninety-seven percent of people who eat choco- late bunnies start with the ears.
4. InFrance before the Revolution of 1789,the median age of death was lower than the median age of marriage.

Each of these statements is a______

Answer 1

statistical proposition

Question 2

a statistical proposition attributes a ____/____ property to some class of things

Answer 2

quantitative, numerical

Question 3

______ deals primarily with qualitative reasoning

Answer 3

Logic

Question 4

It is or it is not unusual for a given conclusion to be supported by statistical as well as nonstatistical arguments?

Answer 4

It is not unusual

Question 5

______ deal with classesof things

Answer 5

Statistics

Question 6

_________ also deal with the properties that members of a class possess, especially the measurable properties. And properties , like classes of objects, have different levels of abstractness that we can arrange in a hierarchy. Color, for example, is a more abstract, generic quality in relation to specific colors such as red or green.

Answer 6

Statistics

Question 7

Statistics also deal with the properties that members of a ______ possess, especially the ______ properties.

Answer 7

Class,

Measurable

Question 8

In statistics, a ______ quality is called a variable

Answer 8

Generic

Question 9

In statistics, the specific qualities of a class or variable are called ________.

Answer 9

Values

Question 10

In statistics, red and green would be _____ of the variable color

Answer 10

Values

Question 11

_____ and ______ would be values of the variable political party affiliation.

Answer 11

Republican and Democrat

Question 12

Qualitative variables are

Answer 12

are variables that are not numerical. It describes data that fits into categories. For example: Eye colors (variables include: blue, green, brown, hazel)

Question 13

Quantitative variable

Answer 13

is numerical. Examples: Height, age, crop yield, GPA, salary, temperature, area, air pollution index (measured in parts per million), etc.

Question 14

A _________ statement says how many things in a class S have the property P; it tells us the ______ with which P occurs in that class.

Answer 14

frequency, frequency

Question 15

An _____ statement gives the actual number of Ss that are P- for example, 2,149 students at Tiptop College are humanities majors.

Answer 15

absolute frequency

Question 16

An _____ statement gives the actual number of Ss that are P- for example, 2,149 students at Tiptop College are humanities majors. A ___________ statement gives the proportionof Ss that are P- for example, 36% of the students at Tiptop College are humanities majors

Answer 16

Absolute frequency

Relative frequency

Question 17

A ________ statement divides the Ss into two subclasses, those that are P and those that are not P: humanities majors versus nonhumanities majors , employed people ver- sus unemployed people, and so on.

Answer 17

Frequency statements

Question 18

When indicating the proportion that fall into each subclass the result is called a _________

Answer 18

frequency distribution

Question 19

In statistics, just as it is in rules of classification, the principle or set of principles should be used consistently so that the species or categories are….

Answer 19

mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive.

Question 20

a statistic gives us numerical information about some class of things. In statistics, that class is called a _________.

Answer 20

population

Question 21

What are the different types of statistics?

Answer 21

totals , frequencies , averages

Question 22

The method statisticians have devised is the use of random samples. The reason is that if we choose our sample randomly, then …

Answer 22

every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

Question 23

statistical generalization is a claim about ….

Answer 23

Ratio, frequency, distribution, average, or median value in a population, based on information about a random sample

Question 24

_______ is a claim about ratio, frequency, distribution, average, or median value in a population, based on information about a random sample

Answer 24

statistical generalization

Question 25

Concomitant variation

Answer 25

The method in which a quantitative change in the effect is associate with quantitative changes in the given factor.

Question 26

The following is an example of which of Mill’s methods:

If your car makes a funny noise when you accelerate, you might take your foot off of the pedal and see whether the noise goes away.

Answer 26

Method of difference

Question 27

The follow is an example of which of Mill’s methods:

If you car makes a funny noise when you accelerate, you might vary the pressure on the pedal to see whether the noise varies in intensity. That would be the method of…

Answer 27

Concomitant variation