Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Chapter 14 – Key Terms – Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 14 – Key Terms – Personality Flashcards

1
Q

personality

A

The set of characteristics individuals possess that influence their thinking and behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

personality types

A

The particular combinations of behavioral characteristics that tend to occur together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

astrology

A

A theory that a person’s birth at a particular time of the year endows them with one of twelve personalities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

psychoanalysis

A

The process, developed by Freud, of making a detailed analysis of a client’s mind through open-ended discussions about thoughts and feelings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

confirmation bias

A

A tendency to remember events that fit our preconceptions and to dismiss or forget events that do not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

subjective validation

A

Also called the Forer effect. The tendency to pick out a specific, accurate meaning from an open-ended, vague personality description.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

unconscious

A

The part of the mind that functions outside our awareness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

id

A

Freud’s term for the part of the mind following the pleasure principle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ego

A

Freud’s term for the part of the mind that tries to fulfill the goals of the id within the limits of reality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

superego

A

Freud’s term for the part of the mind that incorporates the rules of behavior that a person learns and accepts from other people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

defense mechanisms

A

Unconscious psychological processes that protect the ego from realizing and acting upon socially unacceptable urges of the id.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

rationalization

A

The defense mechanism of making intellectuals excuses for unacceptable behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

neurosis (pl. neuroses)

A

Mental disorders characterized by anxiety or avoidance, that interfere with everyday functioning but are not accompanied by delusions or hallucinations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

psychosexual stages of development

A

Freud’s theory of how personality develops from birth to adulthood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

oral stage

A

The earliest stage in Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, when the baby pursues pleasurable sensations in the mouth, tongue, and lips.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

anal stage

A

The second phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, when the child derives pleasure from the sensation of defecating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

phallic stage

A

The third phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, when pleasure is derived from masturbation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Oedipal complex

A

Freud’s term for the unconscious desire of boys to kill their father and become their mother’s new mate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

latency stage

A

The phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages of development covering the ages 6-12, when the sexual conflicts are repressed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

genital stage

A

The final phase in Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, when the focus is on the penis and vagina and developing a mature, socially acceptable sexual relationship.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

free association

A

A technique for probing a client’s unconscious, when a client given a list of words or phrases replies to each with whatever comes to mind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Freudian slips

A

The utterance in spontaneous conversation of something that is socially unacceptable, but reveals the speaker’s true feelings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

birth-order effect

A

The hypothesis that the order of birth in a family affects each child’s personality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

projective tests

A

A method for probing the unconscious by asking a client to generate words or stories in response to a stimulus.

25
Q

Rorschach test

A

A projective test in which a client’s perceptions of a series of inkblots is recorded and analyzed to reveal unconscious processes.

26
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

A projective test in which a person is shown a picture and asked to tell a story to describe what’s happening in the picture. The response is analyzed to reveal unconscious processes.

27
Q

reliability

A

The degree to which a measurement tool produces consistent, repeatable results.

28
Q

validity

A

The extent to which a test actually measures the trait it is intended to measure.

29
Q

humanistic psychology

A

A theory that challenges psychoanalytic theory by emphasizing our free will and our ability to play a conscious, active role in shaping our own behavior.

30
Q

self-actualization

A

A humanistic psychology concept of the process by which a person lives up to his or her full potential, becoming the best and happiest human they can be.

31
Q

Rogerian psychotherapy

A

A method of treatment focusing on the client’s goals, offering a nonjudgemental forum where the client can problem solve, with the therapist’s cooperation.

32
Q

personality traits

A

Particular aspects of behavioral characteristics that can be objectively measured in a quantitative fashion.

33
Q

extravert

A

Someone who likes being with other people and tends to be talkative and assertive.

34
Q

introvert

A

Someone who is less talkative and prefers solitary pursuits.

35
Q

continuum

A

When a trait varies in a continuous, gradual fashion.

36
Q

neuroticism

A

Also called emotional instability. How readily a person’s emotional state is upset by the events of everyday life.

37
Q

factor analysis

A

A statistical method of examining many different measures to see whether some of those measures consistently covary with one another.

38
Q

five-factor model

A

The idea that five basic traits make up each individual’s personality.

39
Q

openness

A

A personality trait that reflects a person’s tendency to seek new experiences.

40
Q

conscientiousness

A

A personality trait that reflects a person’s tendency to be self-disciplined and reliable, and feel a need for achievement.

41
Q

agreeableness

A

A personality trait that reflects a person’s tendency to be compassionate and cooperative.

42
Q

standardized

A

When a test has been administered to many different people, so that the distribution of the scores is known.

43
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

A widely used personality test originally designed to screen for psychological disorders.

44
Q

MMPI clinical scales

A

Quantitative measures of a subject’s responses to the MMPI, intended to detect different psychological problems.

45
Q

hypochondria

A

A tendency to believe you are ill when you are not.

46
Q

validity scales

A

Quantitative measures intended to detect when subjects are responding inconsistently or dishonestly.

47
Q

Myers-Briggs test

A

A personality test that categorizes people into 16 personality types.

48
Q

temperament

A

A person’s emotional makeup, the way the person generally responds to a variety of situations.

49
Q

high reactive

A

A baby who has a negative reaction to novel stimuli and takes longer to recover from that reaction.

50
Q

low reactive

A

A baby who shows little reaction to novel stimuli.

51
Q

person-situation debate

A

The question of whether behavior can be better explained by a person’s internal characteristics, or by the surroundings.

52
Q

interactionists

A

Personality psychologists who acknowledge the importance of the situation in assessing current behavior and the importance of personality in understanding someone’s average behavior.

53
Q

social learning

A

Changes in behavior brought about by interacting with other individuals.

54
Q

response tendencies

A

According to the behaviorist perspective, particular ways of reacting to various situations based on past learning experiences, which together form the personality.

55
Q

locus of control

A

The individual’s perception about whether his or her efforts in life will be reinforced.

56
Q

self-efficacy

A

The belief that you are capable: that you have the ability to succeed and to master a particular situation.

57
Q

social modeling

A

The tendency of individuals to mimic the behavior of others.

58
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

The theory that three different factors mutually influence one another: personal factors, environmental factors, and the individual’s behavior.

Psychology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions