Chapter 14 TBL Quiz Flashcards
Finding the Way
The stirrings of international efforts to assist people who lived in these deprived areas began to be felt, most importantly in areas of community development and international relief efforts. New organizations were created to deal with emerging problems such as slavery and trafficking in the colonies. The first transitional support organization (TNSO) was founded
Community Development
In 1923 an international conference brought together missionaries from several countries to share information and explore community development principles. The results were reported by the advisory committee on native education in tropical Africa, “often regarded as the original foundation of modern community development.” The term community development was first used in 1928 by international missionary council. The council defined its methods, its focus, and its principles, which continue to be relevant today. They include the following: (1) preserving all of the permanent values of indigenous family systems. (2) Renewing and giving major attention to the role of women. (3) Fellowshipping, building and ministering to the whole life of the community. (4) Assisting in education by means of local schools. (5) Developing economic and social voluntary organizations and training in self-government; and (6) promoting harmonious relationships with government.
Grassroots Organizations (GROs)
In the 1960’s catholic priests in Central America and Brazil were impressed with the way that people in poverty survived by helping each other. So they generated their own perspective on biblical interpretation, known as liberation theory, and began organizing grass root communities called comunidades ecclesiales de base, or base ecclesial communities. These grass root comunidades are small, unobtrusive, low-profile, non-hierarchical groups within submerged networks in villages, barrios, and neighborhoods that raise people’s consciousness about social problems.
Transnational Nongovernmental Organizations (TNGOs)
By the 1970’s many of the venerable non-profit organizations that originated in the late 19th early 20th centuries expanded their services internationally dispersing their administrative offices, and operations through the globe becoming known as transitional nongovernmental organizations (TGNOs). The international committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was the first TGNO starting back in 1863. The world vision embraced a broader community development model, established an emergency relief division, and worked to address causes of poverty by focusing on community needs including water, sanitation, education, health, leadership training, and income generation in many nations worldwide
Diversification
As the global society moved into a new millennium, many INGOs that had acquired TNGO status in the 1970s and those were established since then continued to expand geographically. While maintain their central core they began to shape their programs and services to fit the particular cultures, circumstances, and needs of the people where they became planted. Others diversified even more, expanding their mission, adapting their focus, meeting new needs, and taking on new projects in the changing world scene to bring about a better, more socially healthy planet. Amnesty international focuses on the death penalty, freedom of expression, reproductive rights, international justice, and human rights. Care international (CI) has expanded beyond sending CARE packages to homeless refugees, now carrying out a range of project related advocacy, fundraising , and communications activities in support of its relief and development programs. In addition to leading the world in the delivery of emergency relief, Oxfam International is part of a global movement campaigning with others to end unfair trade rules, demand better health and education services for all, combat climate change, help reduce poverty and injustice, and implement long-term development programs in vulnerable communities.
Lower Standard of Living
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is an economic indicator that adjusts amounts of income to other nations to dollar equivalents. Thus a dollar in a poor country would purchase the same as a dollar for a person in the United States.
Child Poverty
According to UNICEF, 26,500-30,000 children die each day due to poverty, double the number a decade ago. Among the consequences of poverty are malnutrition, poor health, lack of clean water, and inadequate education.
Malnutrition
In 2007 around 27-28% of all children in developing countries were estimated to be underweight or stunted. One half of all rural children in India are underweight for their age-roughly the same proportion as in 1992.
Poor Health
In 2003 a total of 10.6 million children dies before they reached the age 5, equaling the entire number of children in France, Germany, Greece, and Italy combined. Twenty five percent of babies in Sierra Leone and 10% of toddlers in Iraq die before age 5. 1 in 12 children do not make it to their fifth birthday due to poor care for newborns, malaria, diarrehea, malnutrition, and even measles, and half of these occur deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.
Lack of Clean Water
1.4 million children died each year from lack of access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation
Lack of Education
Based on enrollment data about 72 million children of primary school age in the developing world were not in school in 2005, 57% of whom were girls, and these are regarded as optimistic numbers
Failure of the Developmental/Modernization Model
This model represents misleading views of society in the areas of development and modernization
Development
Attempts to apply the top down developmental model to the non-market economies of South America, India and other regions were an unequivocal failure. Politically, attempts at “destabilizing” governments that were leaning towards socialist economies, such as those in Chile, Nicaragua, the Philippines, and others, replacing their leaders with those friendly to corporate capitalism, often resulted in the instillation of dictatorships and repression of indigenous populations in South America, Africa and Southeast Asia
Modernization
The failure of modern global change occurs it is based on deceitful premises. The myth of unidirectionality and the assumption that a modern, industrial society is tantamount to the ultimate in human achievement becomes a destructive ideology. It inserts premises of ideological control, domination, and patriarchy into every area of human life, “creating a hegemony of thinking that distorts human consciousness.” The imposition of modernization deprived the people of their identities, disallowed them from making decisions on their own behalf, and ignored their traditional ways of thinking.
Debt Bondage
Poor villagers fall into debt to a landlord because of marriage expenses or the need for medical treatment. They are forced to slave from morning to night to repay debts as little as $10 or $20, with usuriously inflated interest, or use their labor as collateral, making repayment virtually impossible. Sometimes their wives and children also end up working for the land lord as bonded labor.
