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Medical Terminology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

2 main divisions

A

central nervous system & peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Further subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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4
Q

Largest organ of the nervous system

A

brain

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5
Q

brain located in the

A

cranium

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6
Q

Four major structures of the brain

A

Cerebrum (and its lobes)
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain stem

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7
Q

Integration of almost every physical and mental activity of the body

A

brain

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8
Q

Long, narrow column of neural tissue within the spinal cavity or canal
Extending from the brain stem to the second lumbar vertebra in the spinal column

A

spinal cord

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9
Q

Protected by the bony structure of the vertebral column
Protected and nourished by the meninges
Relay station for sending and receiving electrical signals between the brain and body

A

spinal cord protection

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10
Q

Three layers of protective membrane covering the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

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11
Q

3 layers of meninges

A 
Dura mater (outermost layer)
Arachnoid (middle layer)
Pia mater (innermost layer)
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12
Q

dura mater

A

outmost layer

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13
Q

arachnoid

A

middle layer

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14
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer

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15
Q

12 pairs that emerge from the brainstem

Named according to location or function

A

Cranial nerves

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16
Q

31 pairs that emerge from the spinal cord

Named according to the vertebra from which they exit

A

Spinal nerves

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17
Q

Defined by the direction in which impulses travel

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Motor (different) neurons

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18
Q

to the CNS

A

sensory neurons

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19
Q

away from CNS

A

motor neurons

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20
Q 
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
Regulates skeletal (striated) muscles (voluntary actions) such as walking and talking
A

Motor neurons send impulses

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21
Q

Regulates visceral (smooth) muscles (involuntary actions) such as heart rate and peristalsis, and glandular and secretory activity

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

22
Q

Consists of two subdivisions that regulate involuntary body functions and usually oppose the action of the other

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

23
Q

increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and raises blood pressure to deal with a crisis

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight)

24
Q

slows heart rate, increases glandular secretions, relaxes sphincters

A

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

25
Q

Individual nerve cell

Interconnecting to form complicated networks called nerves that transmit electrical impulses throughout the body

A

Neuron

26
Q

Glial cells that provide a supportive framework for neurons
Responsible for protecting against infection by performing phagocytosis (engulfing and digesting unwanted substances)
Unable to transmit electrical impulses

A

Neuroglia

27
Q

Four types of neuroglial cells

A

Astrocyte
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte
Ependyma

28
Q

Star-shaped cell
Numerous radiating extensions for attachment that are wrapped around the brain and capillaries
Part of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents harmful substances from diffusing into the brain

A

Astrocyte

29
Q

Small interstitial cells
Phagocytic in nature, engulfing cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens within nerve tissue
Increase in number during injury or infection as cells migrate to the infected or injured area

A

Microglia

30
Q

Resembling an astrocyte but smaller with fewer extensions

Responsible for forming and maintaining the myelin sheath on neurons

A

Oligodendrocyte

31
Q

Cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord
Responsible for production of cerebral spinal fluid and assistance in its circulation

A

Ependyma

32
Q

Spinal injury or disease resulting in a lack of or decrease in function or feeling
Degree of dysfunction related to site of injury on the spinal cord (higher site associated with greater dysfunction)

A

Spinal Cord Injury

33
Q

Spinal Cord Injury

Signs and symptoms

A

Loss or decrease of feeling or function
History of trauma (such as a car accident or gun shot wound)
Occasionally, exaggerated reflexes or spasms
Possible loss of motor and sensory functions in the legs and trunk (paraplegia)
Possible loss of bowel, bladder, and sexual function (quadriplegia)

34
Q

Spinal Cord Injury

Treatment

A

Restoration and stabilization of the injured spinal area
Halo brace to immobilize the head and neck vertebrae

Decompression of compressed neurological structures
Prevention of secondary complications (contractures, pressure ulcers)
Surgery
Drugs
Cooling of the affected portion of the spine

35
Q

Any disorder of the cerebral blood vessels that causes a loss of consciousness due to oxygen deprivation of brain tissue
Sometimes called cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack

A

Stroke

36
Q

Manifestations appearing on opposite side of body from the brain hemisphere affected
For example, left-sided weakness (see illustration) from injury to right hemisphere

A

Stroke

37
Q

blockage of carotid arteries by plaque or thrombus, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the brain

A

Ischemic stroke

38
Q

Rupture of vessels in the brain

Compression and destruction of brain structures from released blood

A

Intracerebral hemorrhage

39
Q

Release of blood into the space surrounding the brain
Commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm
Usually fatal

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

40
Q

stroke sign and symptom

A 
Hemiparesis
Ataxia
Aphasia
Loss of consciousness
Blurred vision
Commonly preceded by a transient ischemic attack (TIA) (signs and symptoms of a mild stroke that resolve within 24 hours)
41
Q

stroke treatment

A

CT scan to determine the type and extent of stroke
“Clot busters” to dissolve clots
Antihypertensives to control blood pressure
Physical, occupational, and speech therapy

42
Q

Most common form of dementia
Interference with memory, learning, and, eventually, the ability to function
Associated with neuritic “plaques” that form in a small area of the brain and, eventually, spread
Definitive diagnosis only possible on autopsy

A

Alzheimer Disease (AD)

43
Q

AD

Signs and symptoms

A 
Forgetfulness
Diminished interest in daily activity, acquaintances, and surroundings
Getting lost on familiar routes
Personality changes
Loss of social skills
44
Q

AD

Treatment

A

Primarily supportive
Altering the environment to ensure the patient’s safety
Support of family members and caregivers
Medical management, considering potential adverse effects

45
Q

Inflammation of the nerve root associated with the spinal column.
Causes tingling, numbness, weakness or radiating pain starting in the spin and moving outward
Result of herniated disk, degenerative changes, arthritis, fractures, bone spurs or tumors.
Treat with rest and anti-inflammatory medications, may need decompression surgery.

A

Radiculopathy

46
Q

Characterized by sudden changes in behavior or consciousness as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity of the brain
Also called epilepsies

Auras

A

Seizure Disorders

47
Q

causes of seizures

A

brain injury, congenital anomalies, metabolic disorders, brain tumors, vascular disturbances, and genetic disorders

48
Q

Types of seizures

A

Partial seizures
Generalized seizures (grand-mal)
Status epilepticus

49
Q

ataxia

A

muscle coordination

50
Q

aphasia

A

can’t talk

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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