Chapter 15 - fluid therapy

Question 1

Hyperkalemia

Answer 1

excess of potassium in the blood

Question 2

intravascular fluid (plasma) makes up approx ___ of body weight

Answer 2

5%

Question 3

explain the concept of a balanced solution for fluid therapy

Answer 3

a fluid solution is balanced if it resembles extracellular fluid in composition.

Question 4

What are the three units of measurement used for quantifying electrolytes in fluids?

Answer 4

1. mEq/L
2. mOsm/L
   3, g/100mL

Question 5

therapeutic fluids with an osmolality of approx ___ mOsm/L are isotonic

Answer 5

300

Question 6

give examples of sensible and insensible fluid losses

Answer 6

sensible - urine losses (and fecal in research settings since they can be measured)
insensible - fecal, sweat, respiratory

Question 7

underestimating the degree of dehydration is sometimes a problem in ___ animals

Answer 7

obese

Question 8

one pound of fluid is equivalent to ___ mL, and 1kg is equivalent to ____mL

Answer 8

500, 1000

Question 9

What is the amount of fluids needed per day for maintenance?

Answer 9

20-30ml/lb/day

Question 10

How do you calculate the amount of fluids needed for a dehydrated animal?

Answer 10

fluids = amount lost from dehydration + maintenance amount + ongoing losses.

Question 11

How do you measure amount of fluid lost to dehydration?

Answer 11

body weight (kg) * %dehydration = liters of fluid lost.

Question 12

How is drip rate calculated to deliver fluids over a 24 hour period using a standard administration set?

Answer 12

• standard = 15drops/ml

the equation is: (Total number of milliliters to infuse)/(time to infuse in minutes) × (drips/ml of dropper set)

Question 13

what are the rapid administration doses for fluids in dogs and cats with shock?

Answer 13

cats - 20-30ml/lb/hr

dogs - 40 ml/lb/hr

Question 14

What are the 7 steps for setting up an animal to receive fluids?

Answer 14

1. check the bag to ensure that the solution is clear.
2. inspect insertion port to be sure it is covered, then remove cover, careful not to contaminate the port.
3. close flow clamp on administration set and remove cover from spike.
4. wipe port with alcohol swab and insert spike into insertion port.
5. hang bag and fill administration set line, clearing bubbles.
6. close flow clamp and attach line adapter into IV catheter using sterile technique.
7. open flow clamp and adjust flow rate.

Question 15

what is dextrose 5% in water?

Answer 15

a nonbalanced solution that contains dextrose (50g/L) and water.

Question 16

How would you prepare 500mL of 5% dextrose from a 50% stock solution?

Answer 16

50ml from a bottle of 50% dextrose and add to 450ml of water.

Question 17

what is the purpose of lactate in lactated ringer’s solution?

Answer 17

added to help correct acidosis; converted to bicarbonate (alkaline) by the liver.

Question 18

What is the use of an esophageal feeder?

Answer 18

provides oral electrolytes to neonatal calves.

consists of a tube with a hollow ball on the end, attached to a heavy plastic bag where the electrolytes are placed. the ball on the end prevents entry into the trachea.

Question 19

what type of fluid should not be given subq?

Answer 19

Hypertonic

Question 20

What is one example of a balanced solution and one of an unbalanced solution?

Answer 20

balanced - LRS

unbalanced - saline

Question 21

___ is a determination of the osmotic pressure of a solution based on the relative number of solute particles in 1kg of the solution

Answer 21

osmolality

Question 22

The osmolality of dog and cat serum is approximately ___ mOsm/L

Answer 22

300

Question 23

Commercial fluids with an osmolality of 300 mOsm/L are ___

Answer 23

isotonic

Question 24

How often should IV catheters be flushed?

Answer 24

every 8 to 12 hours.

Question 25

How long can an IV catheter remain in place before it is replaced?

Answer 25

96 hours (4 days)

Question 26

What precaution should be observed when fluids are administered subq?

Answer 26

avoid hypertonic or irritating solutions, and avoid placing so much fluid at one site that the skin is dissected from blood supply, causing a slough of tissue.

Question 27

What fluid can be used to bathe tissues during surgery to prevent them from drying out?

Answer 27

Saline (0.9% sodium chloride)

Question 28

any product that contains ____ should be given by slow IV administration to prevent cardiac complications.

Answer 28

calcium

Question 29

Water represents ___ to ___ percent of total body weight in adult animals

Answer 29

50-70%

Question 30

Hyperkalemia is an excess of ___ in the blood

Answer 30

K ( potassium)

Question 31

___ is decreased body pH caused by excess hydrogen ions in extracellular fluid

Answer 31

metabolic acidosis

Question 32

electrolytes with a positive charge are known as ____

Answer 32

Cations

Question 33

What are some signs of dehydration?

Answer 33

dry MMs, reduced jugular distention (especially in horses), tachycardia.

Question 34

solutions containing electrolyte and nonelectrolyte substances; capable of passing through cell membranes and can enter all body fluid compartments.

Answer 34

Crystalloids

Question 35

What are 3 characteristics of physiologic saline?

Answer 35

1. it is also called normal saline
2. it is also called isotonic saline
3. it is used to correct a sodium deficiency.

Question 36

What are 3 characteristics of colloids?

Answer 36

1. they contain large molecular weight particles that are unable to cross cell membranes.
2. they affect osmoles.
3. they can hold fluid in the vascular space.

Question 37

Scours describes diarrhea in what species?

Answer 37

bovines

Question 38

vitamin A is converted from plant substances (carotenoids) in the intestine and liver and is stored primarily in the ____

Answer 38

liver