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psychology > Chapter 15: Psychological disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Psychological disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is the failure analysis approach to psychological disorders?

A

psychopathology researchers examine breakdowns in adaptation to help them understand healthy functioning

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2
Q

what was the book Malleus Malleficarum for?

A

identifying witches, which were believed to be possesed by demons

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3
Q

masturbation insanity

A

to describe individuals whose compulsive masturbation supposedly drove them mad

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4
Q

demonic model

A

view of mental illness in which odd behaviour, hearing voices, or talking to oneslf was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body

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5
Q

medical model

A

view of mental illnes due to a psysical disorder requiring medical treament

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6
Q

asylum

A

institution for people with mental illnesses created in the fifteenth century

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7
Q

moral treatment

A

approach to mental ilness calling for dignity kindness, and respect for those with mental

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8
Q

who were advocates for moral treatment that helped start in in the movment?

A

Phillippe Pinel in France, and Dorathea Dix

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9
Q

deinstitutionalization

A

govermmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals

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10
Q

koro

A

typically believe that their penis and testicles are disappearing and receding into their abdon

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11
Q

what is amok?

A

This condition is marked by episodes of intense sadness and brooding followed by uncontrolled behaviour and unprovoked attacks on people or animals

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12
Q

sociaal anxiety

A

is more commonly generated by fear of public embarrasment

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13
Q

what is Kunlangeta?

A

Inuit term to describe a person who lies, cheats, steals, is unfaithful to women, and doesn’t obey elders.

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14
Q

who discovered Kunlangeta?

A

Jane murphy

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15
Q

what is Thomas Szasz criticism of psychiatric diagnoses?

A

psychiatric diagnosis are largely useless because they don’t provide with with if any new information because of the explosion of diagnostic labels in the public.

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16
Q

what were some of Eli Robins and Samuel Guze criteria for determining whether psychiatric diagnosis are valid?

A
  1. Distinguishes that diagnoisis from other, similar diagnoses
  2. Predicts diagnosed individual’s performance on laboratory test, including personality measures, neurotransmitter levels, and brain imaging findings
  3. Predicts diagnosed individual’s family history of psychiatric disorder.
  4. Predicts diagnosed individual’s family natural history-that is what tends to happen to them over time
  5. Predicts diagnosed individuals response to treament
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17
Q

labelling theories

A

scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on peoples perceptions and behaviour

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18
Q

what is Davids Rosenhan research?

A

sent in twelve pseudo-patients(fake patients) to mental hospitals. all of them were giving a diagnoses and then comes alon with it some negative connotations

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19
Q

Diagnostic nad Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM)

A

diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association(APA) criteria for mental disorders

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20
Q

hypothyroidism

A

disorder marked by underactive of the thyroid gland

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21
Q

prevelence

A

percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder

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22
Q

axes

A

dimensions of functions

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23
Q

comorbidity

A

co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person

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24
Q

catergorical model

A

model in which a mental disorder differes from normal functioning in kind rather than degree

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25
Q

dimensional model

A

model in which a mental disorder idffers from normal functioning in degree rather than kind

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26
Q

medical students’ symptoms

A

as medical students first become familiar with the symptoms of specific diseases, they often begin to focus on their bodily proces.

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27
Q

s

A

oon they find it hard to stop wondering whether a slight twinge in their chest might be an early warning of heart trouble or a mild headache the first sign of a brain tumour

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28
Q

whats the miss conception about mental illness and violence

A

that the two coincide, the fact is the majority of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders aren’t physically aggressive towards others

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29
Q

insanity defence

A

legal defence proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they wearn’t of “sound mind” when committing them

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30
Q

criminal commitment

A

which is a fancy term to put someone in jail

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31
Q

involuntary commiment or civil commitment

A

prodcedure of placing some people with mental illness in psychiatric hospital or other facility based on their potential clanger to themselves or others, or their inability to car for themselves

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32
Q

somatoform disorder

A

condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin

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33
Q

hypochondriasis

A

an individuals continual preoccupation with the notion that he or she has a serious physical dissease

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34
Q

generalized anxiety disorder(GOD

A

continual feeligns of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of like functioning

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35
Q

panic attack

A

brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headaches, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy

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36
Q

panic disorder

A

repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them

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37
Q

phobia

A

intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportions to its actual threat

38
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficultu or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailible in the event of a panick attack

39
Q

specific phobia

A

intense fear of objects places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat

40
Q

social phobia

A

marked fear of public appearences in which embarrasment or humiliation seems likekly

41
Q

posttraumattic stress disorder(PTSD)

A

marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severally stressful event

42
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)

A

condition marked by repeated and lengthy(at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessing, compulsions, or bboth

43
Q

obsession

A

persistent idea, thought, or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress

44
Q

compulsion

A

repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress

45
Q

what do learning theorist believe fears come from?

A

from seing others engage in fearful behaviour

46
Q

castorphizing

A

is a core feature of anxious thinking

47
Q

anxiety sensitivity

A

fear of anxiety-related sensation

48
Q

Tourettes disorder

A

a condition marked by motor tics, like twitching and facial grimacing and vocal tics, like gruntin or throat clearing

49
Q

major depressive episode

A

state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or dimished interest in pleasurble activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties

50
Q

what did Freud believed caused depression?

A

a early losss can render us vulnerable to depression later in life

51
Q

what did James Coyne hypothesised about depression?

A

that dpression creates interpresonal probles

52
Q

what is Peter Lewinshon’s behavioural model of depreassion

A

proposes that depression results from a low rate of response contingent positive reinforcement

53
Q

cognitive model of depression

A

theory that depression is caused by nagative beliefs and expectations

54
Q

who invented the cognitive model of dpression

A

Aaron Becks

55
Q

cognitive triad

A

three conponents of depressed thinking: negative views of oneself, the world, and the future

56
Q

negative chemas

A

habitual patterns

57
Q

cognitive distortions

A

which are skwed ways of thinkin

58
Q

depreasion realism

A

have a more accurate view of circumstances

59
Q

illusorary control

A

they believe what they want

60
Q

what did Janet Kistner found in children who accuratly perceive how they are treated by their fellow classmates?

A

found that people with accurate perceptions of social acceptance were less likely to develop depression than people with inaccurate perceptions of social acceptance

61
Q

what was Marti Seligman study about dogs?

A

one side of the boz was electrfied and the other side sperated from a barrier, wasn’t. Ordinarily, dogs would avoid painful shocks by jumping over the barrier. Yet his dogs would stay in the part with the shocks. They have learned to become hepless

62
Q

learned helplessness

A

tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control

63
Q

what did Jean Tsa found about cultural factors affects on people?

A

while different cultures value things like Hong Kong, Chinese and Caucaision value exictment. They both value calm yet in all three gorups the size group.

64
Q

Can depression be gentic?

A

it appears to be linked to low levels of the neurotransmitter nerepiniphrine, dmimshed nerogenis(growth of new neuron). Which birngs about reduce hyppocampal volume. People with depression also have troubles with the brains reward and stress-resnse sysemes, decreased levels of dopamine which causes the inability to experience pleasure.

65
Q

manic episode

A

experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponisble behaviour

66
Q

bipolar

A

condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode

67
Q

what is are the stats on suiced?

A

4000 canadians commit sucides three times as many males than females. there is an estamated 25 attempts before someone commits suicide.

68
Q

personality disorder

A

condition which personality traits appearing firt in adolescants, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations and lead to distress or impairment

69
Q

boderline personaly disorder

A

conditions marked by extream instability in mood, identity, and impluse control

70
Q

what did Micheal Bragby study?

A

the link between gambling and personality disorders, found that people with gambling addiction had personality disorder

71
Q

what did Otto Kernberg believed to be the cause of borderline personality disorder?

A

was linked to childhoos problems with developping a sense of self and boding emotionally with others

72
Q

what did Marsha Linchan’s sociabiological model believed to be the cause of depression?

A

individuas with borderline personality inherit a tendency to overeact to stress and experience lifelong difficulties with regulating their emotions

73
Q

psychopathic personality

A

condition maked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulative, self-centredness and risk taking

74
Q

antisocial personality disorder(APD)

A

condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal

75
Q

disassociative disorder

A

condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception

76
Q

depersonalization disorder

A

condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization

77
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall important personal information-most often related to a stressful experience-that can’t be explained by ordinary frogettfullness

78
Q

disssociative fugue

A

sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia for sginicant life event

79
Q

dissociative identity disorder(DID)

A

condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct indetities or personality states that recurrently take control of the persons behaviour

80
Q

what is the corrolation between DID and abuse

A

that 90% or more were sever abused in childhood

81
Q

why do the sociocognitive critique of DID?

A

that it is hard to believe the peple with hundrens of disorder

82
Q

schizpphrenia

A

sever disorder of thought and emotion associaciated with a losss of contact with reality

83
Q

delusion

A

strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis in reality

84
Q

psychotc sympton

A

psychological problem reflecting serious distortionsin reality

85
Q

command hallucinations

A

which tell patients what to do

86
Q

hallucinations

A

sensory perception that occurs in the absense of an external stimulus

87
Q

catatonic symptim

A

motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding body in bizzarre or rigid postures or curling up into a fetal position

88
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a gentic vulnerablility, called a diathesis, and stressors that triggeer this vulnerability

89
Q

autistic disorder

A

disorder(Also known as autism) marked by severe deficits in language, social bonding, and imagination, usually accompanied by mental retardation

90
Q

attention-defficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

childhood condition marked by excessive inattentions impulsivity, and activity

psychology (5 decks)

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