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CHEMISTRY > Chapter 15 - Using Resources > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What causes Iron to rust?

A

Both water and air is needed for Iron to rust.

Iron + Oxygen + Water —> Hydrated Iron (III) Oxide

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2
Q

What are the 5 main ways to prevent rusting?

A
  1. Paint
  2. Oil or grease
  3. Plastic
  4. Sacrificial protection
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3
Q

Explain sacrificial protection, in terms of relative reactivity

A

Zinc is more reactive than Iron, as it is a stronger reducing agent, so it has a stronger tendency to form positive ions, by giving away electrons. As the Zinc atoms lose electrons, it becomes oxidised, so the water and air will react with the Zinc not the Iron.

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4
Q

What is Bronze an alloy of?

A

Tin and Copper

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5
Q

What is Brass an alloy of?

A

Zinc and Copper

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6
Q

What is the Gold in jewelry made of?

A

Silver, copper and zinc

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7
Q

What is the difference between High Carbon Steel and Low Carbon Steel?

A

High Carbon Steel is strong, but brittle.

Low Carbon Steel is softer and more easily shapeable

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8
Q

Why do Steels contain Chromium and Nickel?

A

They are hard and resistant to corrosion

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9
Q

Are aluminium alloys high density or low density?

A

Low density

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10
Q

How is soda-lime glass made?

A

Heat a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

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11
Q

How is Borosilicate glass made?

A

Made from sand and Boron Trioxide

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12
Q

What is the main difference between soda-lime glass and Borosilicate glass?

A

Borosilicate glass melts at higher temperatures

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13
Q

How are clay ceramics made?

A

Clay ceramics, such as pottery and bricks, are made by shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace

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14
Q

What do the properties of a polymer depend on?

A

The monomer used to make it, and the conditions chosen to carry out the reaction.

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15
Q

What are the reaction conditions to make Low Density Poly (Ethene)?

A

Using a very high pressure and a trace of oxygen. The polymer chains are randomly branched and cannot pack closely together, hence its lower density.

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16
Q

What are the reaction conditions to make High Density Poly (Ethene)?

A

Using a catalyst at 50 Degrees Celsius, and a slightly raised pressure. The polymer chains are packed more closely together, so it is stronger and has a higher softening temperature.

17
Q

What is a thermosoftening polymer?

A

A thermosoftening polymer will soften or melt easily when heated, as their intermolecular forces are relatively weak.

18
Q

What is a thermosetting polymer?

A

A thermosetting polymer will not soften due to its chains being fixed together via strong covalent bonds, but will eventually char if heated very strongly.

19
Q

What is a composite?

A

Composites are made by combining two materials.
The reinforcement consists of fibres or fragments of one material. The reinforcement is then surrounded by a matrix, or binder material.
This means that they have different properties to the materials in them.

20
Q

What are the 2 main examples of composites?

A
  1. Carbon Fibre; the reinforcement material is fibres of Carbon, and the matrix is a plastic resin. This is very strong and light, making it useful in car or aircraft parts.
  2. Reinforced Concrete; Steel bars surrounded by Concrete. It is very strong and used in buildings.
21
Q

What is the physical structure of glass?

A

It is a giant covalent structure, mainly made from Silicon Dioxide, but has no pattern in the arrangement of particles.

22
Q

What are the raw materials needed for the Haber process?

A

Nitrogen and Hydrogen

23
Q

Where are the raw materials needed for the Haber process sourced from?

A

Nitrogen is taken from the air, and Hydrogen is produced via a reaction with Methane and Steam.

24
Q

What are the conditions for the Haber process?

A

450 Degrees Celsius, Iron catalyst and 200 ATM.

25
Q

What happens to the unreacted Nitrogen and Hydrogen?

A

They get recycled in the gas chamber

26
Q

How is the Ammonia yield maximised?

A

Low temperatures, as it is an exothermic reaction.
High pressure, as it is the side with less gas.
Continuously adding Nitrogen and Hydrogen

27
Q

How is Ammonia removed?

A

It is removed via liquefaction

28
Q

What are NPK fertilisers?

A

These are fertilisers made up of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium

29
Q

How can Ammonia be used to make fertilisers?

A

Ammonia is an alkaline substance, and when it reacts with an acidic substance (e.g. Nitric Acid), a salt is formed (Ammonium Nitrate).

  1. Ammonia + Nitric Acid = Ammonium Nitrate
  2. Ammonia + Sulphuric Acid = Ammonium Sulphate
  3. Ammonia + Phosphoric Acid = Ammonium Phosphate
30
Q

What two compounds are mined from the ground, but can be used in NPK fertilisers?

A

Potassium Sulphate and Potassium Chloride, because they are soluble in water.

31
Q

What substance is mined from the ground, but cannot be used in NPK fertilisers?

A

Phosphate rock as it is insoluble in water.

32
Q

What are the reactions between Phosphate rock and Nitric acid, Sulphuric acid and Phosphoric acid?

A
  1. Phosphate Rock + Nitric Acid = Calcium Nitrate + Phosphoric Acid. Then the Phosphoric Acid is neutralised with Ammonia to form Ammonium Phosphate.
  2. Phosphate Rock + Sulphuric Acid = Single Superphosphate (Calcium Phosphate + Calcium Sulphate)
  3. Phosphate Rock + Phosphoric Acid + Triple Superphosphate (Calcium Phosphate)

CHEMISTRY (3 decks)

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