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A - NAPLEX > Chapter 16: Compounding II - Equipment, Stability & Excipients > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Compounding II - Equipment, Stability & Excipients Flashcards

1
Q

What are glass mortars used for?

A

Liquids such as suspensions and solutions & for compounds that are oily or can stain

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2
Q

What are wedgwood mortars used for?

A

For grinding dry crystals and hard powders

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3
Q

What are porcelain mortars used for?

A

For blending powders and pulverizing gummy consistencies

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4
Q

What is the largest and smallest size capsule

A

Largest: 000
Smallest: 5

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5
Q

Recommended compounding ingredients are listed in reputable sources such as

A

USP National formulary (USP-NF)

The Food Chemicals Codex (FCC)

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6
Q

If any substance comes from a non-FDA registered facility, a _____ should be obtained that confirms the specifications and quality

A

Certificate of Analysis (CoA)

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7
Q

If there is an ingredient without an expiration date, the pharmacist will assign a conservative date that is no more than ____ from the date of receipt. The label on the container should include which 2 things

A

3 years

Date of receipt and assigned expiration date

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8
Q

What is a surfactant used for?

A

To make two ingredients easier to mix together & keep the phases from quickly separating by lowering the surface tension (or the interfacial tension)

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9
Q

What is a wetting agent?

A

A type of surfactant

Substances that reduces the surface tension between a liquid and a solid to allow the substance to more easily spread

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10
Q

Another name for wetting agent

A

Levigating agent

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11
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

A type of surfactant
2 or more liquids which are not able to be blended together (such as water in oil). An emulsifier is added to an emulsion to help keep the liquid droplets dispersed throughout the liquid vehicle

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12
Q

What is added to suspensions to help keep the solid particles from settling?

A

Suspending agents (or dispersants or dispersing agents)

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13
Q

A suspending agent can also be a plasticizer, which means ….

A

It will make the preparation easier to shape or mold

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14
Q

Levigation and trituration are both used to …

A

grind down particles

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15
Q

What is the difference between levigation and trituration

A

Levigation uses a levigating agent like glycerin or mineral oil to aid in grinding & trituration is the grinding of particles without the addition of a liquid (the powder stays dry)

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16
Q

Mineral oil is a commonly used levigating agent for _____ compounds, and glycerin or propylene glycol are used for _____ compounds.

A

lipophilic (oil-soluble)

aqueous (water-soluble)

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17
Q

The ____ number determines the type of surfactant required to make an emulsion

A

hydophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB)

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18
Q

Surfactants with low HLB (<10) are more ____-soluble and are used for _____ (o/w or w/o)

A

Lipid (remember, Low = Lipid)

w/o (water-in-oil)

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19
Q

Surfactants with high HLB (>10) are more ____-soluble and are used for _____ (o/w or w/o)

A

Water (remember, High = H2O)

o/w (oil-in-water)

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20
Q

What is an example of a chelating agent to avoid metal ions from oxidating a drug?

A

Edetate disodium (EDTA)

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21
Q

What inhibits free radicals from forming during oxidation?

A

antioxidants

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22
Q

What are common antioxidants

A

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and tocopherols (Vitamin E)

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23
Q

How do you maintain pH to avoid drug oxidation & hydrolysis?

A

Using a buffer

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24
Q

How can you prevent hydrolysis?

A

Using adsorbents (desiccant) to adsorb any moisture that enters the container

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25
Q

Drugs can be stored as a ________ powder instead of a solution to avoid hydrolysis.

A

lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder

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26
Q

What kind of salt form of a drug can you use to absorb less water and will be less likely to degrade from hydrolysis

A

Hygroscopic

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27
Q

Hydrolysis occurs more rapidly at ____ (higher/lower) temperatures

A

Higher

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28
Q

Binders add cohesion to powders to allow them to ____

A

Stick together

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29
Q

___ and ____ add size to very small dosages

A

Diluents and fillers

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30
Q

____ facilitates the breakup of a tablet after oral administration

A

Disintegrants

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31
Q

____ prevent ingredients from sticking to each other and equipment

A

Lubricants

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32
Q

Syringes are most accurate for measuring small volumes and ___ liquids

A

viscous

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33
Q

All syringe packages should be wiped off with ___ prior to being brought into the SEC or PEC

A

70% IPA

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34
Q

T/F: syringes should be recapped to prevent needle-stick injuries

A

False - do not recap

35
Q

Which part of the syringe should not be touched due to contamination risk

A

plunger

36
Q

Providing a quick bolus dose into a vein or into a vein through the catheter is called

A

IV push

37
Q

A ___ pipette draws up a set volume only, which is the volume the pipette can hold

A

Volumetric

38
Q

A ____ pipette is graduated and is used to measure different volumes

A

Mohr

39
Q

____ balances have internal weights, which are used to weight quantities< / = 1 gram

A

Class III (Class A)

40
Q

Torsion balances have a ____ requirement

A

Sensitivity

41
Q

The minimum amount that can be weighed on a torsion balance (minimum weighable quantity) is calculated based on the sensitivity requirement and acceptable error rate which is typically __ or __%

A

0.05 or 5%

MWQ = SR / acceptable error rate (0.05 or 5%)

42
Q

What is the most commonly used balance

A

electronic balance aka analytical balance or scale

43
Q

Electronic balances are simple to use and have higher ____

A

sensitivity

44
Q

A compounding pharmacy needs at least one ___ and one ____ mortar and pestle

A

1 glass

1 Wedgwood or porcelain

45
Q

What equipment can be used to mix ingredients

A

Ointment mills, homogenizers, and grinders

46
Q

Small particle size and increased surface area = (increased or decreased) rate of absorption

A

Increased

47
Q

What is an ointment mill

A

Draws the ointment or another semi-solid preparation between rollers that grind and homogenize (i.e., make non-gritty, smooth and uniform) the ingredients in the preparation

48
Q

Capsule shells are made from

A

gelatin, which is pork-derived or hypromellose or a similar plant-derived product

49
Q

What are examples of commercially available suspending agents

A

Ora-Plus & Ora-Sweet

50
Q

Example of an anti-foaming agent used in non-sterile compounding

A

Simethicone

51
Q

What are two examples of delivery vehicles and surfactants

A

PEG and poloxamer

52
Q

Poloxamer is useful for ___ drug delivery

A

topical

53
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical reactions that can cause most drug products to become unstable and degrade

A

Oxidation-Reduction
Hydrolysis
Photolysis

54
Q

What are free radicals

A

metal ions that have an unshared electron. They can catalyze oxidation chain reactions. Chelators can be used to chelate the metal ions with the unshared electron

55
Q

Examples of common fillers

A

Lactose, starches (many, including corn, rice, wheat), calcium salts, bentonite, cellulose, petrolatum

56
Q

___ absorb water, causing tablets to swell and burst. ____ from plants can also absorb water well

A

Alginates

Cellulose

57
Q

Examples of flavorings & coloring agents

A

Non-caloric, artificial: aspartame, sucralose

Glycerin, dextrose, lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, phenylalanine, stevia, xylitol

58
Q

____ is a common anti-adherent and is used to improve powder flowability

A

Magnesium stearate

59
Q

Examples of preservatives

A

Chlorhexadine (used as a surgical scrub also)
Povidone iodine
Sodium benzoate/benzoic acid, sorbic acid/potassium sorbate, methyl/ethyl/propyl parabens, benzalkonium chloride, EDTA, thimerosal

60
Q

____ compounds are more polar, which makes compounds more ___-soluble

A

Ionized

water-soluble

61
Q

The pH of a buffer system can e calculated with

A

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

62
Q

Types of purification

A

distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis

63
Q

Distilled water is often used for

A

reconstitution to prepare oral suspensions and in non-sterile compounding preparations

64
Q

Alcohols have high miscibility with ____

A

water

65
Q

What is the preferred disinfectant in sterile compounding

A

IPA 70%

66
Q

PEG is ___-soluble and ___-miscible

A

water

water

67
Q

PEG is used as a

A

surfactant, solvent and lubricant

68
Q

When PEG is linked to a protein drug (pegylated), such as PEG-filgrastim, it increased the

A

half-life

69
Q

___ is a PEG mixture that is commonly used as a suppository base and is a good emulsifier

A

Polybase

70
Q

An emollient is a product that

A

softens and soothes the skin

71
Q

Purpose of occlusive ointments

A

form a protective barrier to prevent the loss of water molecules from the top layer of the skin

72
Q

___ are put into many emollient formulations to pull in water from the atmosphere to moisturize the skin

A

Humectants

73
Q

Examples of humectants

A

Glycerin or glycerol, propylene glycol and PEG

74
Q

What percent of an ointment is water

A

0-20%

75
Q

Ointments are best for

A

extremely dry skin and thick skin

76
Q

Creams are greater than __% water and up to __% oil

A

20%

50%

77
Q

Creams are best for

A

normal and dry skin

78
Q

___ have the most water

A

Lotions

79
Q

What is best for oily skin

A

Lotions

80
Q

What are the 4 ointment groups

A
  • Hydrocarbon bases - aka oleaginous (contain no water; examples are Vaseline)
  • Absorption bases
  • Water-removable bases
  • Water-soluble bases
81
Q

Aqueous solutions of poloxamers are ___ when refrigerated and ___ at room temp

A

liquid

gel

82
Q

Examples of adsorbents

A

Magnesium oxide/carbonate, kaolin

83
Q

Examples of regular coating

A

Shellac, gelatin, gluten

84
Q

Examples of enteric coating

A

cellulose acetate phthalate

A - NAPLEX (83 decks)

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