Chapter 16; Kinds of Research Chapter 17; Solving Human Problems

Question 1

what are the two research methods in brain ANATOMY

Answer 1

injecting synaptic trasers, to map pathways of neurons

MRI measures water in the brain to map it’s tissues

Question 2

what is white vs gray matter

Answer 2

white matter are axons while gray matter are dendrites and synapses

Question 3

Explain Electrophysiology, what it measures and how to measure it

Answer 3

measures activity through axons. an eletrode is placed in a nueron to measure to voltage

Question 4

What is EEG

Answer 4

record activity of neurons on a larger scale, not a single neuron

Question 5

what is Two-photon microscopy

Answer 5

genetically modified animals produce a protein that glows when a laser shines to understand changes in the brain

Question 6

what are DNA chips

Answer 6

they study DNA mutation, comparing healthy v.s. non-healthy genetics

Question 7

what is a tool that scientists use to study behavior and give an example of a behavior

Answer 7

animal models, addiction can be compared between two different rats, study their behaviors and genetics to see who is more susceptible to addiction

Question 8

what is microdialysis

Answer 8

monitoring neurotransmitters in action with tubes collecting liquid from the outside of a neuron. They analyze the compounds to see what molecules play a role in a specific function like learning

Question 9

what is pharmacology

Answer 9

the study of the effects of drugs

Question 10

What is an fMRI scan

Answer 10

detects blood flow carrying nutrients. regions that need more blood are more active

Question 11

what is MEG scan, an an example

Answer 11

electrical currents are transmitted, studyig the groups of neurons active.

the auditory cortex responses to identify where seizures occure.

Question 12

what is a NIRS

Answer 12

like an fMRI but detects surface level activity and is less money

Question 13

How can study methods treats psychiatric disorder?

Answer 13

some methods change brain activity.

Question 14

what does computational neurosceince hope to bridge

Answer 14

microscopic neuroscience and the whole brain model neuroscience

Question 15

whats the difference between an ionotrophic and metabotrophic receptor in neurotransmitter transmission

Answer 15

reference photo

Question 16

What is a possible developmet in prosthetics

Answer 16

Electronic chips that send signals to the neuons located in the robotic prosthetic. Could restore memory and treate diseases?

Question 17

What is deep brain stimulation, what the process, what it treats, and the down sides

Answer 17

implantation surgery with electrodes inserted into the brain. It can treat disorders like epilepsy, tourrettes, OCD. Though it’s highly invasive, causes infection and stroke.`

Question 18

What is transcranial stimulation . Give a definition, example, pro and con

Answer 18

electrical currents to alter neural activity. Depression is focused in the left PFC and it is cheaper, yet can’t be clinically proven

Question 19

Why are brain drugs so hard to make?

Answer 19

drugs have to pass through the blood-brain barrier only small molecules can

Question 20

What two factors show promising development to stimulate nerve growth

Answer 20

Brain derived neurotrophic factors and neurotrophic factors.

Question 21

How does neuroimaging lead to discoveries about diseases

Answer 21

healthy v.s. unhealthy brain scans can show markers for diseases

Question 22

How do cellular markers contributes to disease brain control

Answer 22

spot people who are more susceptible to receiving the disease and before sympotoms arise

Question 23

what can biomarkers be in the form of

Answer 23

proteins, lipids, hormones, nucleic acids

Question 24

what is the best option for cell transplants and what do they do , and what is the down side

Answer 24

stem cells, they deveop into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendocytes, in hope of replacing or repairing neuron cells. `though it is hard to control

Question 25

What is CRISPR, an example, the process, and a downside

Answer 25

gene editing. RNA enzymes snip and add DNA segments to a cell to change it’s genome, curing diseases like huntingtons. Though it can be hard to treat multiple gene sequences