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Parasitology > Chapter 16 Nematoda Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Nematoda Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Intestinal Nematodes

A

The Adenophrea

The Secernentea

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2
Q

The Adenophrea

A

Trichuris trichura

Trshinella spiralis

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3
Q

The Secernentea

A 
Strongyloides stercoralis
Human hookworm disease
Ascaris lumbricides
Enterobius vermicularis
Cutaneous larva migrans
Visceral larva migrans
Anasakis spp.
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4
Q

Blood and Tissue Nematodes

A

Filarial womrs

The Guinea worm

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5
Q

Filarial worms

A 
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Onchocerca volculus
Loa loa
Mansonella spp.
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6
Q

The Guinea worm

A

Dracunculus medinencis

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7
Q

Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis

A

Hookworm, Whipworm and Intestinal Roundworm

also Strongyloides stercoralis

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8
Q

Adenophorea: Whipworm

A 
Soil transmited helminth
Trishuris trichura: human whipworm
Trichuriasis
2nd most common intestinal nematode behind intestinal roundworm
fecal-oral
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9
Q

Whipworm Lifecycle

A

The unembryonated eggs are passed with the stool
In the soil, the eggs embryonate
The eggs become infective in 15 to 30 days
After ingestion, the eggs hatch in the small intestine, and release larvae that mature and establish themselves as adults in the colon
The adult worms live in the cecum and ascending colon. The adult worms are fixed in that location, with the anterior portions threaded into the mucosa

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10
Q

Whipworm Clinical Picture

A

most frequently asymptomatic
heavy infections can cause rectall prolapse
Intense eosinophilic inflammation, bleeding and dysenteric stools

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11
Q

Rectal Prolapse

A

a condition in which a portion of the rectum becomes detached from the inside of the body and protrudes from the anus

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12
Q

Whipworm diagnosis and treatment

A

diagnosis with microscopic identification of whipworm eggs in feces
Treatment with mebendazole (Vermox) or albendazole (Albenza)

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13
Q

Whipworm eggs

A

Barrel-shaped and brown with bipolar protuberances

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14
Q

Intestinal Roundworm

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascariasis lumbricoides is the largest nematode (roundworm) parasitizing the human intestine
Ascaris, hookworm, and whipworm are known as soil-transmitted helminths

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15
Q

A lumbricoides Life Cycle

A

Adult worms live in the lumen of the small intestine and eggs are passed in feces
Fertile eggs embryonate and infective after 18 days to several weeks
Larvae hatch, invade intestinal mucosa, and carried via the hepatic portal or mesenteric veinous system
Develop into adult worms in small intestine

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16
Q

Ascaris Clinical Picture

A

usually no symptoms at first

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17
Q

Lofflers syndrome

A

sputum with many eosinophils

also with hookworm and strongyloidiasis

18
Q

Ascaris Diagnostic and treatment

A

Occurs through observing eggs in stool

Treatment mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine

19
Q

Ascariasis Prevention and control

A

avoid ingesting soil that may be contaminated with human feces
Wash hands before handling food

20
Q

Hookworm

A 
Ancylostoma duodenale (old world hookworm)
Necator americanus (new world hookwrom)
highest disability adjusted life year of all nematode infections
21
Q

Buccal capsule

A

the head slightly bent in relation to the rest of the body

They possess well developed mouths with two pairs of teeth or one pair plates

22
Q

Copulatory bursa

A

The male’s posterior end is expanded to form a copulatory bursa supported by rays
2 long spicules

23
Q

Hookworm life cycle

A

mature larvae can penetrate the skin of humans

Ancylostoma duodenale can also be transmitted through the ingestion of larvae

24
Q

Hookworm life cycle

A

Infection occurs when thirs=d stage larvae, known as filariform, penetrate human skin
larvae migrate through veins until they reach the lungs
Larvae are coughed up, swallowed, and travel to the small intestine and become adults

25
Q

Hookworm life cycle (2)

A

adults cause blood loss by using teeth or cutting plates to attach to the intestinal lumen
Usually live in human host for 1-2 years
eggs exit the human in the stool and then hatch into the non-infective rhabditiform larvae

26
Q

Ground Itch

A

Allergic reaction when filariform larvae first penetrate the skin

27
Q

Pneumonitis

A

When larvae migrate through the lungs

28
Q

Hookworm Clinical Picture

A

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common symptom of hookworm infection
Microscopic identification of eggs in stool

29
Q

Hookworm treatment

A

usually with albendazole

Mass Drug Administration(MDA)

30
Q

Larval Migrans(LM)

A

Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)

Visceral and Ocular Larval Migrans (VLM or OLM)

31
Q

Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)

A

also known as Creepin Eruption is a zoonotic infection with hookworm species that do not use humans as definitive host

32
Q

Visceral and Ocular Larval Migrans

A

Larvae of the intestinal roundworm of cats and dogs(Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati), racoons (Baylisascaris procyonis) and pigs (Ascaris suum)

33
Q

Pinworm

A 
Seatworm, threadworm
Enterobius vermicularis
Enterobiasis or oxyuriasis
The most common parasite of humans
most common in US
34
Q

Pinworm lifecycle

A

Humans are considered to be the only hosts of E. vermicularis
Eggs are deposited on perianal folds

35
Q

Pinworm Clinical Picture

A

often asymptomatic, but itching around the anus is a common symptom
Heavy infection in children

36
Q

External autoinfection

A

Contact of L3 with the perianal skin

Reinfection and creeping eruption

37
Q

Internal autoinfection

A 
Immunosuppresion
L1 transform to L3 in bowel wall
Invade deeper layer
Venuls
Reinfection by invading the mucosa of the lower portion of the ileum and colon
38
Q

Larva currens (racing larva)

A

a recurrent maculopapular rash

39
Q

Hyperinfection Syndrome

A

Accerleration of the normal life cycle, causing excessive worm burden
Autoinfection

40
Q

Disseminated strongyloidiasis

A

Widespread dissemination of larvae to extraintestinal organs

Mortality rate close to 80%

Parasitology (6 decks)

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