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Anatomy II > chapter 19: heart > Flashcards

chapter 19: heart Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the heart

A

-generate BP
-route blood
-ensure one way flow by way of valves
-regulate blood supply

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2
Q

where is the heart located?

A

mediastinum

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3
Q

apex

A

blunt rounded point of cone

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4
Q

base

A

flat part at opposite end of cone

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5
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardial sac?

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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6
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

tough fibrous outer layer and prevents over dstention

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7
Q

serous pericardium

A

thin transparent inner layer that includes parietal and visceral pericardium

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8
Q

epicardium

A

serous membrane, smooth outer surface of heart,
-aka visceral layer

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9
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer, heart contractions

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10
Q

endocardium

A

lines the inner chamber of the heart, simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What is the function of the atria?

A

receive blood

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12
Q

What is the function of the ventricles?

A

pump blood

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13
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

-deliver blood to the lungs
-right side of the heart
-poor in O2 but rich in CO2
-

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14
Q

Pulmonary Circuit Blood Pathway

A

blood from body—>right atrium—>tricuspid valve—>right ventricle—> pulmonary valve—> pulmonary trunk—> pulmonary arteries—> lungs—> pulmonary veins—> left atrium

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15
Q

systemic circuit

A

-deliver blood to the rest of the body
-left side of heart
-rich in oxygen and poor in CO2

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16
Q

Systemic Circuit Blood Pathway

A

left atrium—>bicuspid valve—>left ventricle—>aortic valve—>aorta—> systemic circuit

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17
Q

Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker?

A

it is pumping over a greater distance but both circuits pump the same amount of blood

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18
Q

AV valves

A

prevent backflow into the atria and regulates passage of blood from the atria to the ventricles

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19
Q

How many cusps does the right AV valve have?

A

3

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20
Q

How many cusps does the left AV valve have?

A

2

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21
Q

semilunar valves

A

control flow into great arteries and prevent backflow into ventricles

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22
Q

pulmonary valve pathway

A

right ventricle—>pulmonary trunk

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23
Q

aortic valve pathway

A

left ventricle—> aorta

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24
Q

What determines the opening of the valves?

A

depends on pressure in ventricle

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25
Q

Diastole

A

ventricles relax
-pressure drops and semilunar valves close
-AV valves open and blood flows from atria to ventricles

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26
Q

Systole

A

ventricles contract
pressure increases and AV valves close
semilunar valves open and blood flows into the vessels

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27
Q

coronary circulation

A

supplies heart muscle itselfq

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28
Q

anastomoses

A

junctions, alternate routes for blood to get to the tissues

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29
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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30
Q

veins

A

carry blood to the heart

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31
Q

angina pectoris

A

thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium

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32
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack, prolonged coronary blockage

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33
Q

desmosomes

A

type of intercalated discs that prevents cells from separating during contraction

34
Q

gap junctions

A

allow ions to pass and pass electrical signals from cell to cell

35
Q

Electrical event of the cardiac cycle

A

cardiac action potential which increases calcium
-ECG

36
Q

mechanical event of the cardiac cycle

A

contraction and generation of pressure

37
Q

Pathway of Blood

A

superior/inferior vena cava—>right atrium—> tricuspid valve—>right ventricle—>pulmonary valve–>pulmonary artery—>lungs—>pulmonary veins–>left atrium—>bicuspid valve—> left ventricle—> aortic valve—> aorta

38
Q

Conducting system of heart

A

-causes contractions
1. The SA node or the pacemaker initiates the heartbeat and fires the fastest
2.The AV node will fire second and the action potential is slower
3. The AV bundle reaches interventricular septum
4.right and left bundle branches extend beneath endocardium
5. purkinje fibers

39
Q

Where is the SA node?

A

atrium

40
Q

action potential

A

electrical signal on a nerve

41
Q

depolarization

A

contraction

42
Q

repolarization

A

relaxation

43
Q

What is the benefit of long refractory periods?

A

prevents tetanic contractions

44
Q

ECG

A

record of an electrical event in the myocardium that can be circulated w/ mechanical events

45
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of atrial myocardium
SA node

46
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization
AV node

47
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricles

48
Q

PQ interval

A

atria contracts and begins to relax

49
Q

QT interval

A

ventricles contract and begin to relax

50
Q

blood pressure

A

force exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood

51
Q

What 3 things affect BP?

A

cardiac contractililty
peripheral resistance
blood volume

52
Q

Where does blood move?

A

high to low pressure

53
Q

What causes the valves to open and close?

A

the pressure of the ventricles

54
Q

first heart sound

A

AV valves close and signals systole

55
Q

second heart sound

A

SL valves close

56
Q

Quiescent period of Cardiac cycle

A

all chambers relaxed, AV valves open, blood flowing in ventricles

57
Q

atrial systole of cardiac cycle

A

SA node fires, atria depolarizes
P wave appears
atria contracts and forces additional blood into ventricles

58
Q

end diastolic volume

A

amount of blood in ventricles before they contract

59
Q

isovolumetric contraction

A

atria repolarizes and relax
ventricles depolarize
QRS complex appears
ventricles contract
pressure rises rapidly closing AV valve, hear first heart sound

60
Q

ventricular ejection, pressure in ventricle exceeds aorta

A

rising pressure opens SL valve
rapid ejection of blood

61
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle

62
Q

end-systolic volume

A

amount of blood left in heart

63
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A

T wave appears
ventricles repolarize
Sl valves close and hear 2nd heart sound
AV valves stay closed
ventricles expand but don’t fill

64
Q

dicrotic notch

A

when the aortic SL valves closes, pressure in the aorta increases slightly

65
Q

cardiac output

A

amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute

66
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

HR x SV

67
Q

cardiac reserve

A

difference between a persons maximum and resting CO

68
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

it increases heart rate with norepinephrine

69
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

it slows the heart rate down w/ acetylcholine and stimulates vagus nerves

70
Q

What would happen if a vagus nerve was severed?

A

the SA node would fire at an intrinsic rate of 100 BPM

71
Q

vagus nerves

A

cranial nerve associated with cardiac

72
Q

What 3 components affect stroke volume?

A

preload, contractility, and afterload

73
Q

preload

A

increases SV
-the amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium before it contracts

74
Q

venous return

A

amount of blood that returns to your heart

75
Q

Frank Starling Law of Heart

A

ventricles eject as much blood as they receive

76
Q

What is the formula for the Frank Starling Law?

A

SV=EDV

77
Q

contractility

A

how hard the heart is pumping, increases SV but decreases ESV

78
Q

What can increase contractility?

A

hypercalcemia

79
Q

What can decrease contractility?

A

hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia

80
Q

afterload

A

pressure in arteries above SL valves and opposes the opening of the valves
-decreases SV and ESV

81
Q

vagal tone

A

steady background firing of the vagus nerve to the heart

82
Q

What is the biggest contributor to afterload?

A

BP

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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