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anglo saxon and norman england > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the significance of the submission of the earls, 1066

A

The submission of the Earls allowed William to gain control of England quicker as he didn’t have to fight large armies

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2
Q

How and why did William reward his followers

A

-He sent rich gifts to the pope and the church supporters in Normandy
-Soon after his coronation he set a geld tax, it was described as being very heavy
-He declared that all the land belonged to the King and granted land to people who served him well

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3
Q

What were the Marcher Earldoms

A

William wanted to make the border between England and Wales more secure. He established the Marcher earldoms.

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4
Q

What were the features of the Marcher Earldoms

A

Shire-sized towns
Special privileged to create settlements
Granted full power of the law
Exempted from tax
the right to build castles

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5
Q

What was the significance of the Marcher Earldoms

A

The Marcher Earls had a lot more independence from the king, this allowed the Marcher earls to deal with trouble directly and rapidly

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6
Q

Why did William build castles

A

Castles were key to establishing control over England. It was estimated around 500 castles were built

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7
Q

Why were castles Important

A

-They were built in strategic locations, for example a river crossing
-They were used as a base by the lord of the area, allowing them to launch an attack
-They were used to dominate territory and was a symbol for Norman power

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8
Q

What are the key features of a Norman castle

A

Motte
Bailey
Strong fences

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9
Q

What is a Motte

A

The Motte was a large mound/hill of earth 5-7 meters high. This made the castle fireproof as earth isn’t flamable

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10
Q

What is a bailey

A

The Bailey was the enclosure below the motte and was protected by strong fences and outer defense’s. During attacks local people would take shelter here

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11
Q

Why did the Earls of Edwin and Morcar revolt

A

-William taxed them heavily with geld tax introduced in 1066
-Castles were resented as they controlled the area around it
-William took away the earls land and gave it away, reports in 1067 suggest this

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12
Q

When was the Edwin and Morcar revolt

A

1068

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13
Q

When was geld tax introduced

A

1066

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14
Q

what was the outcome of the revolt of Edwin and Morcar

A

The revolt collapsed very quickly after Edwin and Morcar surrendered, however William kept them as guests at his court where he could keep them under control

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15
Q

What happened with Edgar the Aethling and the rebellions in the North

A

Edgar the Atheling created a new Centre of resistance to Williams control in 1068 and lauched a rebellion in 1069
- Rebels from Northumbria Joined forces
-Edgar had the backing of the king of Scotland
-The King of Denmark sent a fleet of ships and warriors to team up with Edgar

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16
Q

what was the outcome of the revolt of Edgar the Atheling

A

Along side the Vikings Edgar attacked York, An Estimated 3,000 Normans were killed, In response to this William paid the Danes large amounts of money to leave and embarked on a campaign of destruction known as the Harrying of the North

17
Q

What happened during the rebellion of Hereward the Wake and the rebellion of Ely

A

The Danes returned in 1070 and occupied the island of Ely, and made alliances with east Anglia and rebel leader called the Hereward the wake who were under Dane law.

The Danes then raided Peterborough Abbey with Hereward, the Danes took the riches and sailed off. After Hereward, Edwin and morcar were captured by Normans

18
Q

When was the rebellion of Hereward the Wake and the rebellion of Ely

A

1070-71

19
Q

What happened during the Harrying of the North

A

Earl Robert Cumin and his men were slaughtered and thousands of Normans were killed in York
In order to stop the continuous rebellions William committed genocide
-100,000 people died
- Crops were destroyed as well as livestock killed

20
Q

What were the Long term impacts of the Harrying of the north

A

-60% of Yorkshire was classed as waste
-There were between 80,000 and 150,000 fewer people than in January 1066
-William was done trying to win over the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy so he replaced them

21
Q

What happened during the changes in landownership from 1066-87

A

Between 1066 and 1087, the Normans replaced the Anglo-Saxons as landholders

22
Q

What was the outcome of changes of Land ownership by 1087

A

-Over half the land in England was held by about 190 tenants-in-chief. Only 1 or 2 of them were Anglo-Saxon
-A quarter of the Land was held by the Church. Normans held most senior church positions
-The Kings Royal estates made one-fifth of the land
-Less than 5% of land was held by Anglo-Saxon aristocrates

23
Q

Who were Tenants-in-chief

A

The large landholders of Norman England who held their land directly from the king

24
Q

What were the different ways people lost land during 1066-87

A

-By forfeit
-New Earldoms
-Land grabs

25
Q

Explain losing land by forfeit

A

The king owned all the land, if anyone went against that ruling their land would be forfeited, this also included land forfeited by rebellious Norman earls in 1075

26
Q

Explain losing land by New earldoms

A

William created new earldoms and other blocks of territory that he granted to his followers. These were created to defend troubled spots. e.g the Marcher Earldoms

27
Q

Explain losing land by Land grabs

A

This was the illegal way in which Anglo-Saxons lost their land to Normans. There were both straightforward theft and seizures of land and corrupt dealings that left Anglo-Saxons with less land than before

28
Q

Describe the changed in landownership after 1071

A

Before 1071, what an Anglo-Saxon held was passed to Norman heirs, wherever it was in the country. This meant landholders held land in many different regions

After 1071, William created more blocks of territory, making it easier to control because they were ruled by a single strong authority

29
Q

How was land held by the Anglo-Saxons

A

While Edward was king, there were different types of lands such as:
-Booklands
-Leases
Both had duties including taxes and providing for the fryd. If failed to carry them out they could lose their land

30
Q

How was land held by the Normans

A

-There was only one type of ownership, King William owned all the land
-Anglo-Saxon usually had to redeem land by paying William to keep using their land. This was unpopular
-Williams followers didn’t have to redeem any land. However if they died without an heir their land would go back to the king

31
Q

How was land held under the Tenants-in-chief

A

-The tenant-in-chief wasn’t allowed to reallocate land when a thegn died. Instead they could make their followers heirs to the thegns land
-They could dispossess thegns who acted against them or failed to fufill their obligations of their lord

32
Q

What was the changes for peasants during 1066-87

A

Peasants were used for farming and to generate revenue. Tenants-in-chiefs were more keener to generate revenue this meant that peasants had to work harder

33
Q

What were the ways William maintained his power

A

Tax
Military power
journeys of the royal court around England
Laws and law making
royal ceremonies

34
Q

How did William maintain his power through the military

A

Williams skill as a military leader and his ruthlessness allowed him to gain the respect of the Anglo-Saxon population, as it he was seen to be chosen by god

35
Q

How did William maintain his power through journeys of the royal court around England

A

In medieval times the regions around England were very different. In order to keep his authority over all the different regions the king and the royal court travelled around countries meeting with important local family officials

36
Q

How did William maintain his power through Royal ceremonies

A

At his coronation William swore to preserve Edwards laws, protect the church and rule England with justice. William had ceremonies where he wore his crown. These ceremonies were important and show who is in power.

37
Q

What were the reasons for the revolt of the earls in year 1075

A

Loss of land
Loss of power
Powerful allies
Williams absence
Loss of privillages

anglo saxon and norman england (3 decks)

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