Chapter 2

Question 1

What is the inductive method?

Answer 1

Discovery based science

Question 2

What is the deductive method?

Answer 2

The hypothetico-deductive method

Question 3

What is discovery based science?

Answer 3

Describes natural structure and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data

Question 4

How does the conclusion of discovery based science come about?

Answer 4

Begins with specific observations and draws conclusion or discovers a general principle

Question 5

What is the weakness of inductive reasoning?

Answer 5

Conclusions generalises the facts to all possible examples

Question 6

What is hypothesis based science?

Answer 6

Scientific hypothesis that leads to predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation. A tentative answer, an educated guess or trial explanation to a certain question

Question 7

How does the conclusion of hypothesis based science come about?

Answer 7

Conclusions are based on logic flows from general to specific called deductive reasoning. Starts with supplied information and draws conclusion on the basis of the information.

Question 8

What is the flow of scientific method?

Answer 8

Make an observation - Ask a question - Form a hypothesis - Make a prediction - Do an experiment - Analyse results - Hypothesis is supported/not supported - report results

Question 9

What is the meaning of observation?

Answer 9

What is seen/felt from surroundings or events

Question 10

What is the meaning of a question?

Answer 10

A statement that arises from an inquisitive mind

Question 11

What does hypothesis mean?

Answer 11

An explanation on trial to answer the question based on an educated guess

Question 12

What is the meaning of conclusion?

Answer 12

An inference based on evidence that is derived from the experimentation

Question 13

Give three characteristics of a good hypothesis

Answer 13

1. reasonably consistent with well-established facts
2. generates predictions that can be tested
3. falsifiable/can be proven false

Question 14

What is theory in science?

Answer 14

A description of the world that covers a relatively large number of phenomena and has met many observational and experimental tests

Question 15

What is the meaning of variables?

Answer 15

Factors that can cause an observable change during the experiment

Question 16

What are the types of variables?

Answer 16

1. Independent variable - the thing that is being manipulated or changed between the control and experimental groups
2. Dependent variable - The thing that changes as a result of the experiment
3. Controlled variable - Factors or condition that is kept constant

Question 17

What are the types of group?

Answer 17

1. experimental group - differs from the control only by one variable that is studied
2. control group - used for comparison to the other group

Question 18

How must a prediction be tested?

Answer 18

1. by actual experiment
2. by control experiment

Question 19

What are the types of control groups?

Answer 19

1. positive control - set to cause positive results
2. negative control - set to cause negative outcomes

Question 20

What are the two types of data?

Answer 20

1. quantitative method - numerical and structured, generally can be expressed as numerical measurements, often organised into tables and graphs
2. qualitative method - descriptive and unstructured/semi-structured, often in the form of recorded descriptions, can be gathered through observation, photographs