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Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of…

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of…

A

Everything else outside the brain and spinal cord (peripheral=perimeter)

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3
Q

Bundles of axons in the PNS

A

Nerves

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4
Q

Bundles of axons in the CNS

A

Tracts

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5
Q

Sensory neurons…

A

Allow us to process stimuli and take it in

ex. visual stimulation

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6
Q

Motor neurons…

A

Allow us to use our muscles

i.e. brain signals our muscles to function and contract

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7
Q

Interneuron

A

Allows neurons to communicate with other neurons, acts as a middleman for sensory and motor neurons

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8
Q

What is retrograde axoplasmic transport?

A

From the axon towards the cell body

slower process

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9
Q

What is anterograde axoplasmic transport?

A

From the cell body towards axons

really fast process

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10
Q

What is one of the most important functions of the soma?

A

To maintain metabolic functions

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11
Q

Why are the cell membranes important?

A

They control access to the inside of the cell

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12
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

A

A bilayer (two layers) of phospholipids arranged facing each other to create a cell membrane

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13
Q

What is the function of cytoskeletons?

A

Allows the cell to keep its structure

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14
Q

Glial cells in the CNS…

Glia means glue

A

are the most important type of supporting cell (CNS)

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15
Q

The 3 types of glial cells

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
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16
Q

The 4 functions of Astrocytes

means “star cells”

type of support cell/ glial cell (CNS)

A
  1. Provide necessary chemicals to neurons
  2. Transport nutrients from capillaries to neurons
  3. Provide physcial support to neurons
  4. Clean up debris in the brain
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17
Q

What is phagocytosis?

phago=eat, cyto=cells

A

The process of cleaning up cellular debris, performed by astrocytes

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18
Q

How does phagocytosis work?

A

The plasma membrane surrounds debris and encloses it in a vacuole to be broken down

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19
Q

What can happen if the phagocytosis process is abnormal?

A

Alzheimer’s; it’s important that there isn’t too many or too few phagocytosis cycles

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20
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

oligo=a few, dendro=branch, cyt=cells

type of support cell/glial cell (CNS)

A

Cells with just a few branches; they form myelinated sheaths

important for information

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21
Q

What is a process (in cell terms)?

A

Anything that extends from a cell

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22
Q

What are Microglia

smallest among glial cells

A

Aide in cleaning up cellular debris; serve as a protective system against invading microogranisms. Fully responsible for the inflammatory response following brain trauma

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23
Q

The glial cells in the PNS

also supporting cells

A

Schwann cells

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24
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Similar to oligodendrocytes; wrap around axons of neurons to form mylon sheath for insulation

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25
Q

How are Schwann cells different from oligodendrocytes (in terms of location)?

A
  1. Schwann cells are in the PNS (outside brain and spinal cord) and oligodendrocytes are in the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
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26
Q

How are Schwann cells different from oligodendrocytes (in terms of functionality)?

A

Oligodendrocytes extend processes over axons with cell body separated, Schwann cells wrap the entire cell body and processes over axons and continue to spiral around it (think lollipop)

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27
Q

How are Schwann cells different from oligodendrocytes?

Think multitasking; how efficient the cells are

A

A single oligodendrocyte can myelinate many axons in the CNS; one Schwann cell never myelinates more than one axon in the PNS

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28
Q

How are Schwann cells in the PNS similar to axolotyls?

A

Axolotyls can regrow severed limbs; Schwann cells can help damaged nerves to regrow or heal to restore function

NOT THE SAME FUNCTION; SIMILAR CONCEPTS

This is difficult because there are no Schwann cells in the CNS to help restore function in the brain/spinal cord

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29
Q

How are the chemical properties of the glial cells in the CNS different from the glial cells in the PNS?

A

Different things influence them to function; some cells are exclusively attacked because of their properties while other cells are spared

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30
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

A barrier between the PNS and the CNS that prevents certain substances from being transported through each nervous system

think blue dye injected in to bloodstream; all organs turned blue except for brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

How are capillaries different between the brain and the rest of the body?

A

Capillaries throughout the body have gaps to optimize bloodflow; capillaries in the brain have closed gaps so that only certain substances can pass through

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32
Q

Is the blood-brain barrier permeable or semipermeable?

A

Semipermeable; only certain things can pass through

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33
Q

What is the Area postrema?

A

The blood-brain barrier is weaker in this part of the brain; monitors the blood for toxic substances and forces you to throw up if anything is found

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34
Q

Neurons send/receive messages from:

A

Other neurons, voluntary/involuntary muscles, internal and sense organs, glands

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35
Q

What is withdrawal reflex?

A

Reflex from interacting with noxial stimuli (dangerous stimuli) that makes our body retract itself from harm without our thinking

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36
Q

What is action potiential?

A

Rise and falls in electrical potential across the membrane of the axon that travels down the axon like a wave

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37
Q

What is a neuron’s electrical potential when it’s at rest?

A

-70 mV (milivolts) because the inside of the neuron is more negatively charged than the outside of the neuron

around 5% of the voltage of a AA battery

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38
Q

How does an electrical potential occur?

A

A difference in charges between two points

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39
Q

What are ways that resting potential is maintained

A

Diffusion, electrostatic pressure, composition of intracellular and extracellular fluid, the sodium-potassium pump

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40
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Molecules going from areas of high conentration to low concentration when there are no forces/barriers in the way

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41
Q

What is electrostatic pressure?

A

Opposites attract; likes repel

42
Q

Fluid INSIDE our neurons is called…

A

INTRAcellular fluid

ex: cytoplasm

43
Q

Fluid OUTSIDE our neurons is called…

A

EXTRAcellular fluid

44
Q

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A

A specialized pump in the membrane that fights the forces of diffusion and electrostatic pressure that want to push sodium ions in our neurons

45
Q

What is the structure of the sodium-potassium pump?

A

Cylindrical and made up of proteins; has 2 tubes. One tube pumps 2 potassium ions into the cell, the other tube pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell

46
Q

How much energy does the sodium-potassium pump take to function?

A

About 40% of the neurons metabolic recources and is continuously running

47
Q

What is depolarization?

A

When the charge of the inside of a cell becomes less negative (more positive) than the outside of the cell

48
Q

What is an ion channel

A

Embedded in the cell membrane; a tube that transports ions (secific kinds of ions) through the membrane

the channel can close so no ions can pass through

48
Q

Which ion channels are involved in the action potential?

A

Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K)

49
Q

What does “voltage-dependent” mean?

in reference to ion channels

A

Channels know whether to open or close when they get to a certain electrical potential across the membrane

49
Q

Which ion channels are voltage-dependent?

A

Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K)

49
Q

What is the first step in action potential?

A

Sodium ion channels open (threshold of excitation) and depolarization occurs

50
Q

What is the second step in action potential?

think the line going up

A

K+ channels open, K+ leaves the cell

51
Q

What is the third step of action potential?

A

Na+ channels change and Na+ no longer enters the cell (action potential is at its peak)

52
Q

What is the fourth step of action potential?

A

K+ continues to leave the cell, and membrane potential goes back to resting level

53
Q

What is the fifth step of action potential?

A

K+ channels close and Na+ channels reset

54
Q

What happens when action potential is at its peak?

A

Na+ channels become refractory and no more Na+ can enter the cell

55
Q

What does refractory mean?

A

To close; close until the ions reverts back to the resting potential/level

56
Q

What is the sixth (and final) step of action potential?

A

Extra K+ diffuses outside of the cell

57
Q

What is the All-or-none law?

A

AP either does or does not occur; if it does, it transports all the way down to the end of the axon and the AP size/shape does not relate to the intensity of the stimulus

58
Q

What is the Rate Law?

A

Faster rates of AP indicate larger stimuli while slower rates of AP indicate smaller stimuli

kind of like a dimmer light switch

59
Q

How does AP occur through an UNMYELINATED axon?

A

The action potential propagates down the length of the axon like “the wave” at a football game

60
Q

How does AP occur through a MYELINATED axon?

A

The action potential conducts passively until it reaches the node of ranvier

61
Q

What happens when the AP reaches the node of ranvier?

A

AP is regenerated through the small gaps of (node of ranvier) and makes the AP process faster

62
Q

What is the node of ranvier?

A

A gap where you can see the bare axon in between the coverings of mylen

63
Q

Do myelinated or unmyelinated axons conduct AP faster?

A

Myelinated axons conduct AP faster

64
Q

What are synapses?

A

Spots where the processes of neurons connect to other processes of nueurons

65
Q

What are terminal buttons?

A

The end of a synapse; usually only one end

66
Q

What are axodendritic synapses?

A

Synapses that involve axons and dendrites making contact

67
Q
A
68
Q

What are axoaxonic synapses

A

Synapses that involve connections between two axons

69
Q

What are pre-synaptic neurons?

A

The neuron sending the message down the axon

70
Q

What are post-synaptic neurons?

A

The neuron receiving the message at the dendrites

71
Q

What is a synaptic vesicle?

A

Sacs that contain neurotransmitters, transported all the way down the cell body

72
Q

What ion starts the process of the neurotransmitter vesicles being dumped into the synapse?

A

Calcium ions rush into the cell

73
Q

What heppen because of the influx of calcium ions in the cell?

A

Vesicles merge with the cell membrane and start dumping their contents (neurostransmitters)

74
Q

What happens when vesicles dump their neurotransmitters?

A

They get recycled so they can be used again

75
Q

What are postsynaptic receptors?

A

Special protein molecules located inside the postsynaptic membrane

76
Q

What is special about the way postsynaptic receptors function?

“lock and key”

A

They have special regions where only certain neurotransmitters can be binded

77
Q

What are ligands?

A

Molecules that fit into binding sites

ex: neurotransmitters

78
Q

What does “receptor activation” mean/entail?

A

The receptor opens neuro dependent ion channels that allow certain ions to pass through the cell

79
Q

What does a neuro-dependent ion channel mean?

A

They only open when the right neurotransmitter gets attached to the binding site

80
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

They open ion channels directly

81
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

Ion channels are opened indirectly through a chemical chain

metabolic= requires energy

82
Q

What happens during the metabotropic receptor process?

A

Neurotransmitter binds to metabotropic receptor and activates the G protein, the G protein activates an enzyme that will stimulate the “second messenger” chemical (and synthesize); then it will diffuse through cytoplasm to ion channel, attach to ion channel and opens channel

83
Q

Which approach to opening receptors is faster?

A

The direct method; ionotropic receptors

84
Q

Which approach to opening receptors has a longer lasting effect?

A

The indirect method; the metabotropic receptors

2nd messenger lasts longer after dispersion

85
Q

What polarization process is associated with an excitatory PSP?

A

Depolarization

86
Q

Which neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels causes an excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A

Sodium ions (Na+) and Calcium ions (Ca2+)

87
Q

Which neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels causes an inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

A

Potassium ions (K+) and Chloride ions (Cl-)

88
Q

Which polarization process is associated with an inhibitory PSP?

A

Hyperpolarization

89
Q

What’s the difference between AP and PSP processes?

A

AP occurs on the presynaptic axon and involves depolarization then hyperpolarization and ALL OR NONE; PSP occurs on the postsynaptic dendrites and involves EITHER depolar (EPSP) OR hyperpolar (IPSP) and GRADED

90
Q

What does “graded” PSPs mean?

A

The potentials of postsynaptic cells are distinguished as big or small, unlike APs that are all or nothing

91
Q

What does reuptake mean?

A

Terminal buttons of presynaptic neurons have special transporter molecules that force neurotransmitters back into the cell to be reused later

92
Q

What is enymatic deactivation?

A
93
Q

What are the ways to terminate/regulate PSPs?

A

Reuptake and enzymatic deactivation, autoreceptors, axoaxonic synapses, glial cells

94
Q

What are autoreceptors?

A

On the presynaptic neuron, neurotransmitters automatically bind to these receptors on the cell; there are no ion channels because they are metabotropic

95
Q

What is neural integration

A
96
Q

A neuron will only fire an action potential if the postsynaptic potentials are larger than…

A

The threshold of excitation

97
Q

What is temporal summation?

A
98
Q
A
99
Q
A

Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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