Chapter 2

Question 1

What is clean air

Answer 1

Air that has no harmful chemicals or pollution

Question 2

What can pollution cause

Answer 2

Pollution can cause humans to become sick

Question 3

What would you have to do to figure out if the air in Jacksonville is polluted

Answer 3

• figure out the chemical percentages and if they are outside of normal
  - in order to define normal you have to define a standard of air
• is not normal unhealthy? Just because it isn’t normal does not mean it is unhealthy for humans

Question 4

How to find the composition of air

Answer 4

You have to test and measure the levels, you can’t just see or guess the airs chemical levels
- 1) separate - figure our the components of air
- 2) measure - find the numbers of all of the chemicals in air

Question 5

% = part per hundred

Ppm = part per million

Ppm = part per billion

Answer 5

% = part per hundred
1% = 1 atom/100 atoms = 1 molecules/100 molecules
Ppm = part per million
1ppm = 1 molecule/10^6 molecules
Ppm = part per billion
1ppb = 1 molecule/10^9 molecules

Question 6

Parts per hundred (percent)

Answer 6

Atmosphere is 21% oxygen = 21 oxygen molecules per 100 molecules of air

Question 7

Parts per million (ppm)

Answer 7

Midday ozone levels reach about 0.4 ppm = 0.4 ozone molecules/ 1 = 10^6 molecules of air

Question 8

Parts per billion (ppb)

Answer 8

Sulfur dioxide in the air should not exceed 30 ppb = 30 sulfur dioxide molecules/ 1 x 10^9 molecules of air

Question 9

21% means?

Answer 9

Means 21 parts per hundred
Means 210 parts per thousand
Means 2,100 parts per ten thousand
Means 21,000 parts per hundred thousand
Means 210,000 parts per million

Question 10

To convert percent to ppm, what should you do?

Answer 10

Multiply by 10,000 this is the same as moving the decimal place 4 places to the right
1% = 10,000 ppm

Question 11

To convert ppm to % what should you do?

Answer 11

Multiply by 0.0001 this is the same as moving the decimal point 4 places to the left
1 ppm = 0.0001%

Question 12

EPA’s air quality index

Answer 12

0-50 = good (green)
51-100 = moderate (yellow)
101-150 = unhealthy for sensitive groups (orange)
151-200 = unhealthy (red)
201-300 = very unhealthy (purple)
301-500 = hazardous (maroon)

Question 13

The air quality index takes into account what?

Answer 13

CO, NOx, ozone, SOx, lead, and particulates

Question 14

Toxicity
Exposure

Answer 14

Toxicity - intrinsic health hazard of a substance (what is the hazard and how big is the risk)
Exposure - the amount of the substance encountered (how long; second hand living with a smoker)

Question 15

How to name binary ionic compounds

Answer 15

1) names the more metallic element first
2) name the less metallic element which is modified with the suffix “ide”

Question 16

Trophosphere

Answer 16

The lowest region of the atmosphere in which we live that lies directly above the surface of earth.

Question 17

Combustion

Answer 17

The chemical process of burning; the rapid reaction of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and light

Question 18

Volatile organic compounds

Answer 18

• carbon containing compounds that you can smell in naturally occurring VOCs in a spruce or pine fores

Question 19

prefixes are used to designate the number of each type of element: list the first ten

Answer 19

1 - mono
2 - di
3 - tri
4 - tetra
5 - penta
6 - hexa
7 - hepta
8 - octa
9 - nona
10 - deca

Question 20

chemical reactions are?

Answer 20

characterized by the rearrangement of atoms when reactants are transformed into products
- the number of atoms on each side of the arrow must be equal according to the Law of Conservation of Mass

Question 21

If it has what it is ionic

Answer 21

if it has the word ide in it then it is ionic
- ones with a metal and a nonmetal are ionic
- Potassium bromide
- beryllium oxide
- zinc sulfide
- sodium chloride

Question 22

how to tell if it is molecular

Answer 22

a molecular compound has a nonmetal and either another nonmetal or a semi nonmetal
- Glucose is a molecular compound because it is composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, which are all non metals

Question 23

steps to balancing chemical reactions

Answer 23

1) if an element is present in just one compound on each side, balance it first
2) then balance everything that exists as a free element last
3) balance polyatomic ions as a unit (an example would be hydroxide OH or OH2
4) make sure to check both sides when done, make sure both sides have the same number and type of atoms, and the same total charge on both sides

Question 24

if there is a prefix what does it means

Answer 24

a prefix like mono of tetra means it is a molecular compound

Question 25

if there is “ide” what does it me

Answer 25

anything with “ide” in it is typically a ionic compound

Question 26

steel is what?

Answer 26

steel is not a compound but simply a mixture

Question 28

Chemical reactions are characterized by what

Answer 28

• the rearrangement of atoms when reactants are transformed into products
  The number of atoms on each side however must be equal

Question 29

O3 is not directly emitted but rather?

Answer 29

It is a secondary pollutant ad is produced from other pollutants