Chapter 2

Question 0

Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing

Answer 0

Selecting questions or forming experiment in a way that leads participates toward a particular answers that supports your hypothesis

Question 1

Bias blind spot

Answer 1

Belief we are unlikely to fall prey to the cognitive biases others will
If we notice our view point is different from others we assume we are the objective one and they are bias

Question 2

Empirical Journal Articles

Answer 2

Report for the first time results of an empirical research study
Contains details about the study’s method , statistical tests used, numerical results
Must be peer reviewed before being published

Question 3

Review Journal Article

Answer 3

Provides a summary of all the studies done in 1 research field
Sometimes use meta-analysis
Must be peer reviewed before being published

Question 4

Meta-analysis

Answer 4

Combining the results of many studies and give a number that summarizes the magnitude/ effect size of a relationship
Doesn’t allow for bias

Question 5

Abstract

Answer 5

Concise summary of an article about 120 words long

Describes the study’s hypothesis, methods, and major results

Question 6

Introduction

Answer 6

1st paragraph explains the topic
Middle paragraphs give theoretical and empirical background
The final paragraph gives specific research questions, goals hypotheses

Question 7

Method

Answer 7

Explains in detail hoe researcher conducts their study 
Contains subsections 
-participants 
-materials
-procedure
-apparatus

Question 8

Results

Answer 8

Describes the quantitative and qualitative results
Statistical tests used to analyze the data
Usually provides tables and figures to summarize key results

Question 9

Discussion

Answer 9

1st paragraph sums up research question and methods & how well data supported the hypotheses
Then talk about the contribution this study made
Scientific significance
Discuss alternative explanations for data & ask questions raised in research

Question 10

Refrences

Answer 10

Bibliography listing of all sources the author cited for article

Question 11

Theory

Answer 11

A comprehensive frame work that summarizes a hypothesis which has undergone rigorous tests and have never been disapproved
Theories are not as easily discarded as hypotheses

Question 12

What makes a good scientific theory

Answer 12

Supported by data
Falsifiable
Parsimony ( simpler the better)
Does not prove anything ( can be modified and changed)

Question 13

Basic research

Answer 13

Research that is not intended to address a specific problem
Done to enhance the general bod of knowledge
Ex- cognitive psych ( short term memory study)

Question 14

Applied research

Answer 14

Research with a practical problem in mind
Applied directly to real world problems
Ex- clinical psych
Treatment outcome studies

Question 15

Example of basic research becoming applied

Answer 15

Studies on fear in rats that dissipates with d-cyclosporine

That is translated to extrication of human fear for anxiety

Question 16

Problems with scientific peer review

Answer 16

Hard to get unknown unbiased reviewers because small field

Articles only accepted, denied or rejected with invite to revise

Question 17

Differenc between scientific journals and journalism

Answer 17

Scientific journals read by experts
Journalism is popular press too
Accessible to everyone

Question 18

Issues in popular press

Answer 18

Benefits and risks of journalism coverage
Is the story important
Is it accurate
Is it sensationalized and does it make sweeping conclusions outside the scope of the data

Question 19

Idols of the cave

Answer 19

Francis bacons idea
Founded on common errors of individuals nature
“Everyone has a cave or den of his own which refracts and discolors the light of nature “

Question 20

Idols of the tribe

Answer 20

Francis bacons ideas
Founded on human nature
A false assertion that the sense of man is the measure of all things

Question 21

Scientific Method

Answer 21

A process in which experiments are used to answer questions

Question 22

What’s wrong with experience

Answer 22

Experience has no comparison group
No change in independent variables
Experience is confounded
There is another alternative explanation for the findings

Question 23

Confounding variables

Answer 23

The object of an experiment is to test whether A influences B
The confounding variable is anything that can lead to a change in B not from A

Question 24

Why does personal experience conflict with research

Answer 24

Research is probabilistic
So inferences are there to explain a proportion of cases but not all
There will be outliers and you could be one of them

Question 25

Why is intuition faulty

Answer 25

Biased by faulty thinking
Biased by motivation
Researchers include a comparison group to control for confounds and want to evaluate with out bias

Question 26

Why is intuition bias by faulty thinking

Answer 26

We will except a conclusion because it makes sense, but that doesn’t mean it’s correct
Things that easily come to mind guide our thinking but aren’t all cases
Focus on positive instances more than negative ones

Question 27

Why would intuition be bias by motivation

Answer 27

We focus on evidence we like best
Ask bias questions to get expected answers w/I knowing
Bias about being bias

Question 28

Types of scientific sources

Answer 28

Empirical journal articles 
Review journal articles 
Meta-analysis 
Edited books 
Full length books

Question 29

Meta analysis

Answer 29

Type of scientific source
A set of statistical procedures for summarizing experimental, quasi experimental and correlational results across independent studies that address a set of related research questions
By accumulating results across studies researchers gain a more accurate representation compared to individual study estimators