chapter 2, 3, 5, 8

Question 1

water

Answer 1

• h2o
• polar covalent bond
• partial charges

Question 2

properties of water

Answer 2

• cohesion
• adhesion
• surface tension
• high specific heat & heat of vaporization
• less dense
• solubility

Question 3

cohesion

Answer 3

-water attracts to itself

Question 4

adhesion

Answer 4

• water is attracted to other things

- due to existing charges everywhere

Question 5

surface tension

Answer 5

-water molecules are so cohesive they create a film

Question 6

high specific heat and heat of vaporization

Answer 6

-due to hydrogen bonding

Question 7

average kinetic heat

Answer 7

-how fast molecules move

Question 8

ice

Answer 8

• strong and permanent h bonds
• floats due to stabalized hydrogen bonds
• molecules of ice are further apart than of liquid water
• crystal lattice structure

Question 9

hydrophilic vs hydrophobic

Answer 9

• likes water
• can dissolve and absorb
• does not like water
• oil and fats
• cell membrane

Question 10

pure water

Answer 10

• 2 h2o molecules bond
• creates hydronium (h3o+) and hydroxide (oh-)
• neutral
• pH 7

Question 11

acidic water

Answer 11

• releases h-

- adds h3o+ (hydronium) to restore baland

Question 12

basic water

Answer 12

• releases h+

- adds oh- (hydroxide) to restore balance

Question 13

buffers

Answer 13

• prevents/ resists changes in pH

- carbonic acid h2co3

Question 14

important elements of life

Answer 14

• carbon
• hydrogen
• nitrogen
• oxygen
• phosphorus
• sulfur

Question 15

electron configuration

Answer 15

-determines number of bonds an atom will form

Question 16

molecular diversity

Answer 16

• carbon skeletons can vary in size and length

- hydrocarbons (ch)

Question 17

isomer

Answer 17

• compounds with the same amount atoms
• different structures and properties
• structural
• cis trans
• enantiomers

Question 18

structural isomer

Answer 18

-differ in covalent arrangement of atom
c-c-c-c-c (straight)
or 
c-c-c-c (branched)
    ]
   c

Question 19

cis trans isomer (geometric)

Answer 19

-atoms differ in spatial arrangements
-due to inflexibility of double bonds
x x
\ /
c=c
/ \
h h

x          h
  \       /
    c=c
   /      \
h          x

Question 20

enantiomers

Answer 20

-mirror images of each other
-differ in shape due to asymmetric carbon
-can create drugs
co2h
/ ] \
h c nh2
[
ch3

      co2h
    /    ]   \
nh2  c   h
         [
       ch3

Question 21

functional groups

Answer 21

-group of atoms attached to c skeleton
-hydroxyl group
-oh
-polar
-hydrophilic
-carbonyl group
-c=o
-hydrophilic
-double bond with oxygen
-carboxyl group
-c=o
\ oh
-hydrophilic
-act as acid
-amino
-n-h
\ h
-hydrophilic
-act as base
- +h- n -h
\h
-sylfudryl
-sh
-hydrophilic
-proteins
-phosphates
o
[ ]
-o-p-o
[
o
-hydophilic
-p in atp
-methyl
-c-h
[ \
h h
-hydrophobic
-same electrnegativity

Question 22

macromolecules

Answer 22

• carbs
• proteins
• nucleic acids
• lipids

Question 23

polymer

Answer 23

• long molecule built from smaller subunits (monomers)
• joined by covalent bonds
• formed by dehydration reactions

Question 24

carbs

monomer and polymer

Answer 24

• monosaccharide
  
  • simple sugar
  • 1 ring
  • provides immediate energy
  • classified by amount of carbons
• polysaccharide
  
  • building materials for cells or whole oranisms

Question 25

carbs

structure

Answer 25

-multiple of ch2o
-linear or rings
-isomers
-aldehyde
-c=o
\h
-plants- cellulose
-animals- chitin

Question 26

carbs

linkage

Answer 26

-glycosidic linkage

oh+ ho= h20+ o left in linkage

Question 27

carbs

function

Answer 27

• energy storage
• plant
  
  • starch
• animal
  
  • glycogen

Question 28

types of glucose

Answer 28

• a glucose
  
  • oh pointed down
  • energy
  • enzymes perform hydrolysis to break glucose
• b glucose
  
  • oh pointed up
  • form fibers and cellulose
  • cant have glycosidic linkage cause oh and h cant link
  • flips every other monosaccharide to link oh’s
  • many strands bond together (parallel)
  • creates microfibril (good for structure)

Question 29

3 types of lipids

Answer 29

• phospholipid
• steroid
• fat

Question 30

lipid

structure

Answer 30

• phospholipid
  
  • phosphate
  • glycerol
  • fatty acid tail (one saturated and one unsaturated)
• fats
  
  • glycerol
  • fatty acid tails- 3
• steroid
  
  • 4 rings

Question 31

lipid

linkage

Answer 31

-ester

Question 32

lipid

function

Answer 32

• structural components
• signalling molecule
• storing energy

Question 33

protein

monomer and polymer

Answer 33

• amino acid

- polypeptide

Question 34

protein

structure

Answer 34

• primary
  
  • length of AA
• secondary
  
  • a helix
  • b sheet
• tertiary
  
  • multiple secondary proteins link
  • side chains form
• quaternary
  
  • not all proteins reach this level

Question 35

protein

linkage

Answer 35

-peptide bond

Question 36

protein

function

Answer 36

hor- ses dont ride many trains

• hormones
• structure
• storage
• motor
• receptor
• transport
• defense
• enzymes

Question 37

nucleic acid

monomer and polymer

Answer 37

• nucleotide

- nucleic acid

Question 38

nucleic acid

structure

Answer 38

• sugar
• nitrogenous base
• phosphate

Question 39

nucleic acid

linkage

Answer 39

-phosphodiester linkage

Question 40

nucleic acid

function

Answer 40

to create dna and rna

Question 41

purine vs prymadine

Answer 41

• adenine and guanine

- thymine, cytosine, and uracil

Question 42

carbohydrates

Answer 42

-made of c, h, and o

Question 43

structural vs storage carbohydrates

Answer 43

plants (structural)
-cellulose
animal
-chitin
plants (storage)
-starch
animals
-glucose