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A & P > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass, solid, liquid, and gaseous states, composed of elements

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2
Q

mass

A

mass of an object is equal to the actual amount of matter in the object, it remains constant wherever the object is

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3
Q

solids

A

bones and teeth, have a definite shape and volume

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4
Q

liquids

A

blood plasma have a definite volume, but they conform to the shape of their container

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5
Q

gases

A

have neither shape nor a definite volume, air we breathe is a gas

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6
Q

energy

A

capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion, the greater the work done, the more energy is used doing it, 2 forms kinetic and potential

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7
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy in action

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8
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy, inactive energy has potential, or capability to do work but is not presently doing so

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9
Q

chemical energy

A

form stored in bonds of chemical substances, chemical reactions occur that rearrange atoms of chemicals in certain way, potential energy is unleashed and becomes kinetic energy, or energy in action

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10
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

food energy is captured temporarily in bonds of chemical called ATP, later ATP bonds are broken and the stored energy is release as needed to do cellular work, most useful form of energy in living systems because it is used to run almost all functional processes

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11
Q

electrical energy

A

results from the movement of charged particles, nervous system uses electrical currents, nerve impulses to transmit messages from one part of the body to another, electrical currents traveling across the heart stimulate it to contract (beat) and pump blood

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12
Q

mechanical energy

A

directly involved in moving matter, bicycle legs provide mechanical energy to move the petals

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13
Q

radiant energy or electromagnetic energy

A

energy that travels in waves, include visible light, infrared waves, radio waves, ultraviolet waves (stimulate body to make vitamin D), and X rays

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14
Q

elements

A

unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

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15
Q

elements in the body

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of body weight, 20 others found in trace amounts

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16
Q

periodic table

A

complete listing of known elements and helps to explain the properties of each element that make it react as is does with other elements

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17
Q

atoms

A

each element is composed of more or less identical particles or building blocks, smallest atom is .01 nanometer in diameter, larger 1 nm, every element’s atom differ from those of all other elements and give each its unique physical and chemical properties, all atoms are electrically neutral because the number of protons in an atom is precisely balanced, number of protons and electrons is always equal

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18
Q

physical properties

A

those we can detect with our senses or measure

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19
Q

chemical properties

A

pertain to the way atoms interact with other atoms (bonding behavior) account for rust etc

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20
Q

atomic symbol

A

designate each element by one or two letter chemical shorthand, usually first letter(s) if element’s name

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21
Q

nucleus

A

central of atom contains protons and neutrons tightly bound together, surrounded by orbiting electrons

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22
Q

protons (p+)

A

bear a positive electrical charge

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23
Q

neutrons (n0)

A

neutral, the nucleus is positively charged overall

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24
Q

1 atomic mass unit (1 amu)

A

protons and neutrons are heavy particles and have approximately the same mass

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25
Q

electrons (e-)

A

bear negative charge equal in strength to the positive charge of the proton, however an electron has only about 1/2000 the mass of a proton, the mass of electron is usually designated a 0 amu

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26
Q

planetary model

A

model of atom, simplified (outdated) atomic structure

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27
Q

orbitals

A

regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is likely to be found most of the time

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28
Q

orbital model

A

more modern model of atomic structure more useful in predicting chemical behavior of atoms., depicts probable regions of greatest electron density by denser shading

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29
Q

electron cloud

A

haze regions of greatest electron density by denser shading on orbital model

30
Q

what determines the unique properties of each element?

A

atoms of different elements are composed of different numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons

31
Q

to identify a particular element you need to know

A

atomic number, mass number, and atomic weight

32
Q

atomic number

A

is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus and is written as a subscript to the left of it atomic symbol 1H Helium

33
Q

number of protons

A

is always equal to the number of elections in an atom

34
Q

electrons determine

A

the chemical behavior of an atoms

35
Q

mass number of an atom

A

the sum of masses of its protons and neutrons, the mass of the electrons is so small that it is ignored, it is indicated by a superscript to the left of the atomic symbol 4 2 H

36
Q

deduce the total number and kinds of subatomic particles in an atom

A

number of protons (the atomic number), the number of electrons (equal to the atomic number), and the number of neutrons (mass number minus atomic number)

37
Q

isotopes

A

nearly all known elements have two or more structural variations, which have the same number of protons (and electrons), but differ in the number of neutrons they contain

38
Q

atomic weight

A

is average of the relative weights (mass numbers) of all the isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundance in nature

39
Q

radioisotopes

A

heavier isotopes of many elements are unstable, atoms decompose spontaneously into more stable forms, process is atomic decay

40
Q

molecule

A

combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

41
Q

molecule of a compound

A

two or more different kinds of atoms bind

42
Q

molecule of that element

A

if two or more atoms of the same element combine

43
Q

mixtures

A

substances composed of tow or more components physically intermixed

44
Q

3 forms of matter

A

solutions, colloids, and suspensions

45
Q

solutions

A

homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids (mineral water)

46
Q

homogeneous

A

mixture has exactly the same composition or makeup throughout

47
Q

solvent

A

the greatest amount of substance present in a solution

48
Q

solutes

A

substances present in smaller amounts in a solution

49
Q

chief solvent

A

water

50
Q

true solutions

A

most solutions in the body contain gases, liquids, or solids dissolved in water

51
Q

beam of light

A

if a beam of light is passed through a solution, if you do not see the beam of light it is a true solution

52
Q

concentrations

A

we describe true solutions in terms of concentrations

53
Q

percent

A

parts per 100 parts

54
Q

milligrams per deciliter

A

deciliter is 100 milliliters or 0.1 liter

55
Q

molarity

A

mole per liter, M

56
Q

mole

A

any element or compound is equal to its atomic weight or molecular weight weighed out in grams

57
Q

molecular weight

A

sum of the atomic weights

58
Q

compute molecular weight

A

look up atomic weight of each of its atoms in periodic table and compute by number of atoms x atomic weight = total atomic weight

59
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

one mole of any substance always contains exactly the same number of solute particles, 6.02 x 1023

60
Q

millimoles

A

solute concatenations in body fluids ten to be quite low, those values are usually reported in terms of millimoles mM; 1/1000 mole

61
Q

colloids or emulsions

A

are heterogeneous mixtures, which mean that their composition is dissimilar in different areas the mixture, they do scatter light (jello)

62
Q

sol-gel transformations

A

change reversibly from fluid (sol) state to a more solid (gel) state

63
Q

cytosol

A

semifuild material in living cells, also colloid, because of it s dispersed proteins

64
Q

suspensions

A

heterogeneous mixture with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out (sand and water, blood)

65
Q

mixture

A

no chemical bonding occurs, properties of atoms and molecules are not changed, only physically intermixed, components can be separated by physical means-straining, filtering, evaporation, so on.

66
Q

compounds

A

can only be separated into their constituent atoms only by chemical mean (breaking bonds)

67
Q

chemical bonds

A

when atoms combine with other atoms, energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms, and it is made or broken in less than a trillionth of a second

68
Q

electron shells

A

electrons forming the election cloud around the nucleus of atom occupy regions of space, atoms known so far have 7 shells, 1 near nucleus numbered away from nucleus to 7, shell 1 may have up to 2, shell 2 may have up to 8, shell 3 may have up to 18, etc…. shell 7 may have up to 8

69
Q

energy level or energy shell

A

each electron shell represents a different energy level

70
Q

attraction between + and -

A

electrons closer to the nucleus have a stronger attraction, less further out

71
Q

electrons farthest from nuclues

A

n

A & P (2 decks)

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