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Enviromental > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Data

A

information needed to answer their questions

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2
Q

Scientific Hypothesis

A

a possible explanation of what scientists observe in nature or in the results of their experiments

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3
Q

Model

A

an approximate representation or simulation of a system, in this case a deforested valley, being studied

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4
Q

Scientific Theory

A

A well-tested and widely accepted scientific hypothesis or a group of related hypotheses

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5
Q

Peer Review

A

Science is a community effort, and an important

part of the scientific process

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6
Q

Scientific Law or Law of Nature

A

a well-tested and widely accepted description of what we find happening repeatedly in nature in the same way

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7
Q

Tentative Science or Frontier Science

A

They are not yet considered reliable

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8
Q

Reliable Science

A

consists of data, hypotheses, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted by all or most of the scientists who are considered experts in the field under study

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9
Q

Unreliable Science

A

Scientific hypotheses and results that are presented
as reliable without having undergone the rigors of
widespread peer review, or that have been discarded as a result of peer review

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10
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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11
Q

Element

A

a fundamental type of matter that has a unique set of properties and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

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12
Q

Compounds

A

combinations of two or more different

elements held together in fixed proportions

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13
Q

Atom

A

the smallest unit of matter into which an element can be divided and still have its characteristic
chemical properties

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14
Q

Atomic Theory

A

The idea that all elements are made up of atoms

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15
Q

Neutrons

A

No electrical charge

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16
Q

Protons

A

Positive electrical charge

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17
Q

Electrons

A

Negative electrical charge

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

Each atom consists of an extremely small center

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19
Q

Atomic Number

A

equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom

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20
Q

Mass Number

A

the total number of neutrons and protons in its nucleus

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21
Q

Isotopes

A

The forms of an element having the same atomic number but different mass numbers

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22
Q

Molecule

A

A second building block of matter

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23
Q

Ion

A

A third building block of some types of matter ; an atom or a group of atoms with one or more net
positive or negative electrical charges

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24
Q

Acidity

A

a chemical characteristic that helps determine how a substance dissolved in water will interact with and affect its environment

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25
Q

pH

A

A measure of acidity

26
Q

Chemical Formula

A

to show the number of each type of atom or ion in a compound

27
Q

Organic Compounds

A

they contain at least two carbon atoms combined with atoms of one or more other elements

28
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

All other compounds

29
Q

Cells

A

the fundamental structural and functional units of life.

30
Q

Genes

A

Within some DNA molecules are certain sequences of nucleotides

31
Q

Traits

A

coded units of genetic information

32
Q

Chromosome

A

a double helix DNA molecule wrapped around some proteins ; thousands of genes make up only one of these

33
Q

Matter Quality

A

a measure of how useful a form of

matter is to humans as a resource, based on its availability and concentration

34
Q

High quality matter

A

is highly concentrated ; great potential for Isa as a resource

35
Q

Low quality matter

A

not highly concentrated ; little potential for use as a resource

36
Q

Physical change

A

there is no change in its chemical composition

37
Q

Chemical reaction

A

There is a change in the chemical composition

38
Q

Nuclear change

A

change in the nuclei of its atoms

39
Q

Law of conservation of matter

A

Whenever matter undergoes a physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed

40
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work or to transfer hea

41
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Matter in motion

42
Q

Heat

A

the total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, or molecules within a given substance

43
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

which energy travels in the form of a wave as a result of changes in electrical and magnetic fields

44
Q

Potential energy

A

which is stored and potentially available for use

45
Q

Fossil Fuel

A

were formed over millions of years as layers of the decaying remains of ancient plants and
animals (fossils) were exposed to intense heat and pressure within the earth’s crust

46
Q

Energy Quality

A

measure of the capacity of a type of energy to do useful work

47
Q

High quality energy

A

has a great capacity to do useful work because it is concentrated

48
Q

Low quality energy

A

is so dispersed that it has little capacity to do useful work

49
Q

first law of thermodynamics or law of conservation of energy

A

Whenever energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, no energy is created or destroyed

50
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

whenever energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, we end up with lowerquality or less useable energy than we started with

51
Q

System

A

a set of components that function and interact in some regular way

52
Q

Inputs

A

flows or throughputs of matter and energy within the system

53
Q

Outputs

A

Flows out of the environment

54
Q

Feedback

A

Any process that increases of decreases a change to a system

55
Q

Feedback loop

A

occurs when an output of matter, energy, or

information is fed back into the system as an input and leads to changes in that system

56
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

causes a system to change further in the same direction

57
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which is it moving

58
Q

Time delay

A

a lack of response during a period of time between the input of a feedback stimulus and the system’s response to it

59
Q

Tipping point

A

the point at which a fundamental shift in the

behavior of a system occurs

60
Q

synergistic interaction or synergy

A

occurs when two or more processes interact so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects

61
Q

Science

A

is a human effort to discover how the physical world works by making observations and measurements, and carrying out experiments.

Enviromental (10 decks)

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