Chapter 2 Classification

Question 1

biological classification

Answer 1

can be hierarchical and based on different levels of similarity of physical features, methods of reproduction and molecular sequences

Question 2

Classification systems

Answer 2

-Physical features (the Linnaean system)
-Reproductive method (asexual, sexual - K and r selection)
-Molecular sequences (cladistics)

Question 3

Linnaean classification

Answer 3

Taxonomy system based on physical traits

Question 4

Classification reproductive methods

Answer 4

-used to classify living things
-r/k selection: analysis of population ( r = growth rate, k = carrying capacity)

Question 5

r-strategists (unstable environment)

Answer 5

-High rate of reproduction
-Do not invest energy in caring for offspring

Question 6

k-strategists (stable environment)

Answer 6

-slow rate of reproduction
-invest much energy

Question 7

Classification by molecular sequences

Answer 7

analyses genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominately in DNA sequence

Question 8

Clade

Answer 8

a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants

Question 9

common assumptions of cladistics

Answer 9

1. A common ancestry, any group of organisms will share a common ancestor
2. divergence, offspring of an ancestral species diverge
3. physical change, organisms become increasingly different as they continue evolving

Question 10

Why are multiple definitions of species are required

Answer 10

some species definitions/concepts cannot be applied to organisms that do not reproduce sexually.

Question 11

one example of an interspecific hybrid that does not produce fertile offspring

Answer 11

Mule

Question 12

predation : species interactions

Answer 12

Positive and negative effect.
One species benefit at the expense of the other.
e.g. Dog and tick

Question 13

Competition: species interactions

Answer 13

Negative and negative effect.
-struggle for environmental resources
e.g. food, shelter, water

Question 14

Symbiosis: species interactions

Answer 14

Symbiosis is when different species live closely together, with the relationship being either mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic.

Question 15

Disease: species interactions

Answer 15

negative, positive effect
Disease interactions can harm species by making individuals sick, reducing their ability to reproduce, and disrupting ecosystem dynamics.
e.g. influenza virus and humans

Question 16

ecosystems

Answer 16

are composed of varied habitats (microhabitat to ecoregion)

Question 17

explain how the process of classifying ecosystems is an important step towards effective ecosystem management

Answer 17

helps us understand the unique characteristics, functions, and vulnerabilities of different ecosystems.

Question 18

The process of stratified sampling

Answer 18

1. Purpose (estimating population, density, distribution, environmental gradients (abiotic factors) and profiles, zonation, stratification)
2. Site selection
3. Choice of ecological surveying technique (quadrats, transects etc.)
4. Minimizing bias (size and number of samples, random-number generators, counting criteria, calibrating equipment and noting associated precision)
5. Methods of data presentation and analysis